Cement compositions with 3D graphene carbons
Cement compositions including ordinary Portland cement, a secondary cementitious material (SCM) including one or more of pozzolan, metakaolin, limestone, or gypsum in an amount of up to approximately 70% of a replacement level of ordinary Portland cement, and between approximately 0.05% by weight of cement (bwoc) and 2% bwoc of aggregates of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (3DG) carbons. The cement compositions regulate nucleation and time-lapsed growth of calcium silica hydrates during initial hydration. The 3DG carbons include aggregates of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, which include one or more interconnected bundles of electrically conductive graphene layers. The 3DG carbons include oxygen containing functional groups disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the 3DG carbons or within the 3DG carbons.
1 . A cement composition including:
ordinary Portland cement;
a secondary cementitious material (SCM) including one or more of metakaolin, limestone, or gypsum in an amount between approximately 45% and approximately 70% of a replacement level of ordinary Portland cement;
a superplasticizer in a concentration range of between approximately 0.05% by weight of cement (bwoc) and 2% bwoc; and
aggregates of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (3DG carbons) in an amount of between approximately 0.05% bwoc and 2% bwoc, wherein the 3DG carbons include oxygen containing functional groups disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the 3DG carbons or within the 3DG carbons.
2 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3DG carbons include one or more interconnected bundles of electrically conductive graphene layers.
3 . The cement composition of claim 2 , wherein the graphene layers are arranged as one or more stacks connected to each other to define a 3D porous scaffold structure including mesopores.
4 . The cement composition of claim 3 , wherein the one or more stacks are disposed substantially orthogonal to each other.
5 . The cement composition of claim 2 , wherein the graphene layers are characterized by a linear dimension of between approximately 50 nm and 200 nm.
6 . The cement composition of claim 5 , wherein the graphene layers include one or more of single layer graphene (SLG), few layer graphene (FLG), or many layer graphene (MLG).
7 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3DG carbons are characterized by a Raman spectroscopy signature having an I D /I G ratio between approximately 0.95 and 1.05.
8 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3DG carbons are characterized by a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area between approximately 50 m 2 /g and 300 m 2 /g measured using nitrogen gas.
9 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3DG carbons are characterized by a graphene to amorphous carbon ratio of between approximately 1% and 95%.
10 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the 3DG carbons are characterized by an electrical conductivity of between approximately 500 S/m and 20,000 S/m when compressed at pressure of approximately 12,000 pounds per square inch (psi).
11 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the oxygen containing functional groups includes one or more of epoxide (C—O—C), hydroxyl (—OH), ether (C—O—C), ketone (O—C═O), or carboxylic acid (—COOH) groups.
12 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein an oxygen concentration associated with the oxygen containing functional groups is between approximately 1 wt % and 25 wt %.
13 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein an oxygen concentration associated with the oxygen containing functional groups disposed on the surface of the 3DG carbons is between approximately 4 atomic percentage (at %) and 5 at %.
14 . The cement composition of claim 1 , wherein the superplasticizer includes one or more of polycarboxylate ether, sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensate, or acetone formaldehyde condensate.
15 . A method of making a mortar including a cement composition, the method including:
forming a first mixture by mixing a cement blend with water at a water to cement ratio by weight of between approximately 0.3 and 0.5, wherein the cement blend includes:
ordinary Portland cement;
a secondary cementitious material (SCM) including one or more of metakaolin, limestone, or gypsum in an amount up to approximately 70% of a replacement level of ordinary Portland cement; and
a superplasticizer in a concentration range of between approximately 0.05% by weight of cement (bwoc) and 2% bwoc; and
mixing a suspension of aggregates of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (3DG carbons) in water into the first mixture, wherein the 3DG carbons include oxygen containing functional groups disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the 3DG carbons or within the 3DG carbons.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein an amount of 3DG carbons in the mortar is between approximately 0.05% bwoc and 2% bwoc.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the SCM includes between approximately 20 wt % and 35 wt % metakaolin bwoc, between approximately 15% and 40 wt % limestone bwoc, and between approximately 0.5 wt % and 3.5 wt % gypsum bwoc.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein a water absorption rate of the mortar measured using ASTM C1585 is less than 1 mm at a square root time greater than 80 s 1/2 .
19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein a charge passed through value of the mortar measured using ASTM C1202 is less than 200 coulombs after a curing period of 28 days.
20 . The method of claim 17 , wherein a non-steady state chloride migration coefficient of the mortar based on NT Build 492 tests is less than 5×10 12 m 2 /s after a curing period of 28 days.
21 . A cement composition including:
ordinary Portland cement;
a secondary cementitious material (SCM) including one or more of metakaolin, limestone, or gypsum in an amount up to approximately 70% of a replacement level of ordinary Portland cement;
a superplasticizer in a concentration range of between approximately 0.05% by weight of cement (bwoc) and 2% bwoc; and
aggregates of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (3DG carbons) in an amount of between approximately 0.05% bwoc and 2% bwoc, wherein the 3DG carbons include one or more interconnected bundles of electrically conductive graphene layers and include oxygen containing functional groups disposed on one or more of the surfaces of the 3DG carbons or within the 3DG carbons.