Methods and systems for a lithium-ion battery cell cathode
Systems and methods for a lithium-ion battery cell are disclosed. In one example, a method for forming a cathode for a lithium-ion battery cell includes forming a pre-lithiated cathode with a pre-lithiation reagent and positioning the pre-lithiated cathode in contact with an electrolyte. An electrolyte additive is injected into the electrolyte to form a passivation layer at the pre-lithiated cathode, the passivation layer inhibiting continued decomposition of the pre-lithiation reagent of the pre-lithiated cathode after completion of a formation cycle of the lithium-ion battery cell.
1 . A method for forming a cathode for a lithium-ion battery cell, comprising:
forming a pre-lithiated cathode with a pre-lithiation reagent;
positioning the pre-lithiated cathode in contact with an electrolyte; and
injecting an electrolyte additive into the electrolyte to form a passivation layer at the pre-lithiated cathode, the passivation layer inhibiting continued decomposition of the pre-lithiation reagent of the pre-lithiated cathode after completion of a formation cycle of the lithium-ion battery cell.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive to form the passivation layer further includes inhibiting activity of a catalyst, the catalyst used to expedite decomposition of the pre-lithiation reagent.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive includes injecting one or more of a borate, a sultone, a fluorinate, an anhydride, a phosphorous-based compound, a cyano compound, an unsaturated alkyl compound, lithium bis(oxolato)borate (LiBOB), lithium 4-pyridyl trimethyl borate (LPTB), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiDFOB), lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiTFOP), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium di(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium di(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), lithium difluoro bis(oxalate)phosphate (LiDFOP), and a blend thereof.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive includes adding an amount of the electrolyte additive within a range of 0.01% to 10% of a mass of the electrolyte and adding a lithium salt with a concentration within a range of 0.5 M to 2.0 M in the electrolyte.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte to form the passivation layer includes forming a layer with a content within a range of 0.01% to 5% of a mass of chemical components of the lithium-ion battery cell, the chemical components including the electrolyte, the pre-lithiated cathode, and an anode.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive to form the passivation layer includes forming the passivation layer over surfaces of the pre-lithiated cathode and over particles forming the pre-lithiated cathode, and wherein the particles forming the pre-lithiated cathode includes particles of the pre-lithiation reagent that do not decompose after the formation cycle, particles of a cathode active material, particles of a catalyst, and particles of a conductive additive.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive to form the passivation layer includes forming a barrier between the pre-lithiated cathode and the electrolyte to inhibit the continued decomposition of the pre-lithiation reagent during lithium-ion battery cell cycling subsequent to the formation cycle.
8 . A lithium-ion battery cell, comprising:
an electrolyte;
a cathode in contact with the electrolyte and coated with a pre-lithiation reagent;
an electrolyte additive added to the electrolyte; and
a passivation layer coating the pre-lithiation reagent after an initial charging of the lithium-ion battery cell, wherein the passivation layer is formed of oxidized electrolyte additive.
9 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the pre-lithiation reagent is one or more of Li 3 N, Li 2 O, Li 2 O 2 , Li 2 S, LisFeO 4 , a Li 2 S/M nanocomposite, a LiF/M nanocomposite, and a Li 2 O/metal nanocomposite.
10 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the electrolyte is formed of 10%-40% ethylene carbonate, 20%-40% dimethyl carbonate, 20%-40% diethyl carbonate, and 30%-50% ethyl methyl carbonate.
11 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the passivation layer forms at least one of a partial coating over surfaces of the cathode and particles forming the cathode and a complete coating over the surfaces of the cathode and the particles forming the cathode.
12 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the cathode includes one or more catalysts configured to expedite decomposition of the pre-lithiation reagent, and wherein the passivation layer is a barrier between the one or more catalysts and the electrolyte.
13 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the passivation layer inhibits gas generation by the pre-lithiation reagent and impedance growth of the lithium-ion battery cell, the impedance growth due to surface restructuring at an active material of the cathode.
14 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the passivation layer has a thickness within a range of 0.1 nm to 20 nm, and wherein the thickness of the passivation layer varies according to a type of particle coated by the passivation layer.
15 . The lithium-ion battery cell of claim 8 , wherein the passivation layer has a thickness of less than 10 nm.
16 . A method for forming a lithium-ion battery cell, comprising:
assembling components of the lithium-ion battery cell, the components including a pre-lithiated cathode with a pre-lithiation layer formed of a pre-lithiation reagent;
adding an electrolyte to the lithium-ion battery cell, the electrolyte in contact with the pre-lithiated cathode; and
injecting an electrolyte additive into the electrolyte to form a passivation layer over the pre-lithiation reagent of the pre-lithiated cathode, the passivation layer inhibiting gas formation by the pre-lithiation reagent.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive into the electrolyte includes injecting the electrolyte additive before conducting a formation cycle of the lithium-ion battery cell, and wherein the passivation layer is also formed over a pre-lithiation catalyst, a cathode active material, and a conductive filler of the pre-lithiated cathode.
18 . The method of claim 16 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive into the electrolyte includes injecting the electrolyte additive after conducting a formation cycle of the lithium-ion battery cell, and wherein the passivation layer is also formed over a pre-lithiation catalyst, a cathode active material, and a conductive filler of the pre-lithiated cathode.
19 . The method of claim 16 , wherein injecting the electrolyte additive into the electrolyte to form the passivation layer includes inhibiting electrolyte oxidation at a material of the pre-lithiated cathode, the material of the pre-lithiated cathode including one or more of the pre-lithiation reagent, a catalyst, a cathode active material, and a conductive additive.