Method for optical communications for the transmission of information and for the distribution of a cryptographic key and a system for implementing the method
A method and system for optical communication with simultaneous transmission of bits of information and distribution of cryptographic key bits using laser beam intensity modulation in a transmitter and using direct detection in a receiver. A laser beam of a specific optical carrier wavelength is modulated according to a common set of modulation symbols encoding simultaneously information bits and cryptographic key bits, symbols differing in at least one parameter selected from the group with light intensity and time delay, wherein the symbols used to encode different key bits differ in light intensity.
1 . A method for optical communication with simultaneous transmission of bits of information and distribution of cryptographic key bits using laser beam intensity modulation in a transmitter and using direct detection in a receiver,
wherein a laser beam of a specific optical carrier wavelength is modulated according to a common set of modulation symbols, each modulation symbol occupying a same symbol interval of the optical signal encoding simultaneously information bits and cryptographic key bits,
wherein symbols used to encode different information bits differ within the symbol interval in exclusively a single parameter selected from the group comprising light intensity and time delay, while symbols used to encode different cryptographic key bits differ exclusively in light intensity, such that the information bits and the cryptographic key bits are encoded concurrently within the same modulation symbol,
wherein the information bits are recoverable at the receiver based on a temporal position of a detected optical pulse within the symbol interval, and the cryptographic key bits are recoverable based on a detected optical intensity or average photon number relative to predetermined decision thresholds,
wherein a source of the laser beam of the specific optical carrier wavelength is configured to emit quasi-monochromatic light of a wavelength in a range of 400 to 1600 nm.
2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the common set of modulation symbols used in the communication are modified versions of standard modulation formats including amplitude-based ‘OOK’, ‘PAM’, or time delay-based ‘PPM’.
3 . The method according to claim 1 wherein the source of the laser beam comprises a continuous-wave laser or a pulsed laser with a high repetition rate connected by an optical path to an amplitude modulator.
4 . The method according to claim 3 , wherein the amplitude modulator is used to simultaneously encode an information bit stream and a cryptographic key bit stream.
5 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the source of the laser beam comprises a laser with a direct beam modulation system.
6 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the source of the laser beam comprises two or more laser diodes emitting light beams of the same wavelength in the range of 400 to 1600 nm, but of different light power, and wherein the beams emitted by the two or more laser diodes are combined into a single light beam of the specific optical carrier wavelength.
7 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the receiver comprises a photodiode or photon number detector, which is connected to a discriminator.
8 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein the receiver is used to measure a power of a light beam, for optical signals with a power of more than 100 nW.
9 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein the receiver comprises a photon number detector to measure single photons, for optical signals with a power of less than 100 nW.
10 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein the discriminator is used to simultaneously decode the information bit stream and the cryptographic key bit stream.
11 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein in the extended OOK modulation format, the ratio
(
N
1
N
2
)
of the average number of photons in pulses corresponding to different bits of the cryptographic key in the scheme using single photon detection is more than 50%.
12 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein in the extended PPM modulation format, the ratio
(
N
0
N
1
)
of the average number of photons in pulses corresponding to different bits of the cryptographic key in the scheme using single photon detection is more than 50%.
13 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein in the extended OOK modulation format, the ratio
(
P
1
P
2
)
of the power of pulses corresponding to different bits of the cryptographic key in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.
14 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein in the extended PPM modulation format, the ratio
(
P
0
P
1
)
of the power of pulses corresponding to different bits of the cryptographic key in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.
15 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein in the extended PAM modulation format, each of the pulse power ratios
(
P
0
P
1
,
P
2
P
3
,
P
4
P
5
,
P
6
P
7
)
corresponding to different bits of the cryptographic key in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.
16 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein a single communication channel is established between the transmitter and the receiver using a laser beam of a specific optical carrier wavelength, with the channel being used for simultaneously transmitting information bits and cryptographic key bits from the transmitter to the receiver.
17 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter and the receiver are connected by one or more additional communication channels.
18 . A system for optical communication realising simultaneous transmission of information bits and distribution of cryptographic key bits using intensity modulation and direct detection, the system comprising a transmitter and a receiver, wherein the transmitter comprises a source of a modulated laser beam of a specific optical carrier wavelength, and the receiver comprises a photodiode or a photon number detector connected to a discriminator,
wherein the transmitter is configured to simultaneously transmit at a specific optical carrier wavelength information bits and cryptographic key bits using a common set of modulation symbols, each modulation symbol occupying a same symbol interval of an optical signal and encoding simultaneously at least one information bit and at least one cryptographic key bit, wherein within the common set of modulation symbols, symbols used to encode different information bits differ within the symbol interval in exclusively a single parameter selected from the group comprising light intensity and time delay, while symbols used to encode different cryptographic key bits differ exclusively in light intensity,
wherein the discriminator is configured to recover the information bits based on a detected temporal position of an optical pulse within the symbol interval, and to recover the cryptographic key bits based on a detected optical intensity or average photon number relative to predetermined decision thresholds,
wherein the source of the modulated laser beam of the specific optical carrier wavelength is configured to emit quasi-monochromatic light of a wavelength in the range of 400 to 1600 nm.
19 . The system according to claim 18 , wherein the source of the modulated laser beam of a specific optical carrier wavelength is a continuous-wave laser or a pulsed laser with a high repetition rate connected by an optical path to an amplitude modulator.
20 . The system according to claim 18 , wherein the source of the modulated laser beam of the specific optical carrier wavelength is a laser with a direct beam modulation system.
21 . The system according to claim 18 , wherein the source of the modulated laser beam of the specific optical carrier wavelength is based on two or more laser diodes configured to emit a light beam of the same wavelength, but of a different power.
22 . The system according to claim 18 , wherein the receiver comprises a photodiode for measuring a light beam power or a photon number detector for measuring single photons, which is connected to a discriminator.
23 . The system according to claim 22 , wherein the discriminator is configured to simultaneously decode the information bit stream and the cryptographic key bit stream.
24 . The system according to claim 19 , wherein the modulator is configured to implement a modified (extended) OOK modulation format, wherein the number of symbols is increased by adding symbols that allow to distinguish key bits based on light intensity levels, and the ratio
(
N
1
N
2
)
of the average number of photons in pulses corresponding to different cryptographic key bits in the scheme using single photon detection is more than 50%.
25 . The system according to claim 19 , wherein the modulator is configured to implement a modified (extended) PPM modulation format, wherein the number of symbols is increased by adding symbols that allow to distinguish key bits based on light intensity levels, and the ratio
(
N
0
N
1
)
of the average number or photons in pulses corresponding to different cryptographic key bits in the scheme using single photon detection is more than 50%.
26 . The system according to claim 19 , wherein the modulator is configured to implement a modified (extended) OOK modulation format, wherein the number of symbols is increased by adding symbols that allow to distinguish key bits based on light intensity levels, and the ratio
(
P
1
P
2
)
of light power of pulses corresponding to different cryptographic key bits in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.
27 . The system according to claim 19 , wherein the modulator is configured to implement a modified (extended) PPM modulation format, wherein the number of symbols is increased by adding symbols that allow to distinguish key bits based on light intensity levels, and the ratio
(
P
0
P
1
)
of light power of pulses corresponding to different cryptographic key bits in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.
28 . The system according to claim 19 , wherein the modulator is configured to implement a modified (extended) PAM modulation format, wherein the number of symbols is increased by adding symbols that allow to distinguish key bits based on light intensity levels, and each of the ratios of light power of pulses
(
P
0
P
1
,
P
2
P
3
,
P
4
P
5
,
P
6
P
7
)
corresponding to different cryptographic key bits in the scheme using photodiode detection is more than 85%.