Electrochemical cells and methods of manufacturing thereof

1 . A method, comprising;

passing a first manufacturing electrolyte and a second manufacturing electrolyte through an electrochemical cell simultaneously by:

pumping the first manufacturing electrolyte through a first electrode chamber around a negative electrode substrate of the electrochemical cell;

pumping the second manufacturing electrolyte through a second electrode chamber around a positive electrode substrate of the electrochemical cell; and

applying a first electrical signal to the electrochemical cell to electrochemically fabricate a negative active material on the negative electrode substrate, and to electrochemically fabricate a positive active material on the positive electrode substrate.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the negative active material and the positive active material comprises Pb, PbO 2 , or a combination thereof.

3 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising, after formation of the negative active material and the positive active material, pumping a charge operation electrolyte through the electrochemical cell while applying a second electrical signal to the electrochemical cell to charge the electrochemical cell.

4 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising, after pumping the charge operation electrolyte:

switching the electrochemical cell to an open circuit voltage; and

flowing from a reservoir an open circuit electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the open circuit electrolyte having a concentration providing a non-equilibrium steady state in the electrochemical cell, thereby dispensing the charge operation electrolyte out of the electrochemical cell.

5 . The method of claim 3 , further comprising, after pumping the charge operation electrolyte, pumping a first regeneration electrolyte through the first electrode chamber around the negative electrode substrate of the electrochemical cell and pumping a second regeneration electrolyte through the second electrode chamber around the positive electrode substrate of the electrochemical cell, wherein the first regeneration electrolyte is configured to remove spent active material from the negative electrode substrate and the second regeneration electrolyte is configured to remove spent active material from the positive electrode substrate.

6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the first regeneration electrolyte comprises:

water in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %;

an alkaline solution or an acid in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %; and

wherein the acid comprises sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methane sulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the second regeneration electrolyte comprises:

water in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %;

an alkaline solution or an acid in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %; and

wherein the acid comprises sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methane sulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

8 . The method of claim 5 , further comprising, after removal of the spent active material,

pumping the first manufacturing electrolyte through the first electrode chamber around the negative electrode substrate;

pumping the second manufacturing electrolyte through the second electrode chamber around the positive electrode substrate; and

applying the first electrical signal to the electrochemical cell to electrochemically refabricate the negative active material on the negative electrode substrate, and to electrochemically refabricate the positive active material on the positive electrode substrate.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first manufacturing electrolyte or the second manufacturing electrolyte comprises one or more of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or methane sulfonic acid in a concentration in a range of 0.01% to 99.99%.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first manufacturing electrolyte or the second manufacturing electrolyte comprises lead ions in a concentration in a range of 0.01 mM to 1 M.

11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein pumping the first manufacturing electrolyte through the first electrode chamber comprises flowing the first manufacturing electrolyte through the first electrode chamber at a rate of 0.001 liters/minute/cm 2 to 100 liters/minute/cm 2 .

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein pumping the second manufacturing electrolyte through the second electrode chamber comprises flowing the second manufacturing electrolyte through the second electrode chamber at a rate of 0.001 liters/minute/cm 2 to 100 liters/minute/cm 2 .

13 . An electrochemical cell assembly comprising:

an electrochemical cell comprising a negative electrode substrate;

a first electrolyte reservoir fluidically coupled with the electrochemical cell, the first electrolyte reservoir comprising a first manufacturing electrolyte to electrochemically formulate active material on the negative electrode substrate, forming a negative electrode;

a second electrolyte reservoir fluidically coupled with the electrochemical cell, the second electrolyte reservoir comprising a charge operation electrolyte to facilitate reduction at the negative electrode during charging of the electrochemical cell; and

a third electrolyte reservoir fluidically coupled with the electrochemical cell, the third electrolyte reservoir comprising a discharge operation electrolyte to facilitate oxidation at the negative electrode during discharging of the electrochemical cell.

14 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 13 , wherein the electrochemical cell comprises:

the negative electrode substrate disposed within a first electrode chamber; and

a positive electrode substrate disposed within a second electrode chamber.

15 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 14 , further comprising a fourth electrolyte reservoir fluidically coupled with the electrochemical cell, the fourth electrolyte reservoir comprising a second manufacturing electrolyte,

wherein the second manufacturing electrolyte is formulated to electrochemically fabricate an active material on the positive electrode substrate.

16 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 15 , further comprising a pump assembly configured to pump the first manufacturing electrolyte through the first electrode chamber and pump the second manufacturing electrolyte through the second electrode chamber.

17 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 15 , further comprising a fifth electrolyte reservoir fluidically coupled with the electrochemical cell, the fifth electrolyte reservoir comprising a regeneration electrolyte configured to remove a spent active material from one or both of the positive electrode substrate and the negative electrode substrate.

18 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 17 , wherein the regeneration electrolyte comprises:

water in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %;

an alkaline solution or an acid in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %; and

wherein the acid comprises sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methane sulfonic acid, or a combination of two or more thereof.

19 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the first manufacturing electrolyte or the second manufacturing electrolyte comprises lead ions in a concentration in a range of 0.01 mM to 1 M.

20 . The electrochemical cell assembly of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the first manufacturing electrolyte or the second manufacturing electrolyte comprises acid in a concentration of about 0.01 vol % to about 99.999 vol %.