Digital-to-analog converters with triode switches
Current steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are described. These DACs are suitable for high speed operation. Weight transistors conventionally used in DACs are replaced with resistors, resulting in a lower RC constant. Further, the resistors cause a smaller voltage drop, thus improving the voltage headroom of the DAC. Additionally, the current steering switches are biased in the triode region, as opposed to the saturation region as in conventional designs. Biasing the switches in the triode region results in a smaller drain-source voltage, which further improves the voltage headroom of the DAC. The triode operation further results in a substantially smaller output impedance, which leads to the output voltage being dictated primarily by the output transistor of the current path. Lastly, reset switches are added which reduce data-dependent memory effects that can otherwise produce distortion.
1 . A digital-to-analog converter (DAC), comprising:
a plurality of DAC unit cells, at least one of the plurality of DAC unit cells comprising:
a resistor;
a plurality of current paths, each current path comprising a current steering switch coupled to the resistor and an output transistor coupled to the current steering switch; and
a controller configured to bias at least one of the current steering switches of the plurality of current paths so that a transistor within the at least one of the current steering switches operates in triode region;
wherein the plurality of current paths comprises first, second, third and fourth current paths, the output transistor of the first current path being coupled to the output transistor of the third current path to generate a first output current of the DAC unit cell, and the output transistor of the second current path being coupled to the output transistor of the fourth current path to generate a second output current different from the first output current of the DAC unit cell;
wherein each of the first, second, third and fourth current paths comprises a reset switch coupled between the respective current steering switch and the respective output transistor, and the controller is further configured to:
at a first time, bias the current steering switch of the first current path in triode and deactivate each of the current steering switches of the second, third and fourth current paths, and activate the reset switch of the third current path and deactivate each of the reset switches of the first, second and fourth current paths;
at a second time, bias the current steering switch of the third current path in triode and deactivate each of the current steering switches of the first, second, and fourth current paths, and activate the reset switch of the first current path.
2 . The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of DAC unit cells further comprises a plurality of reset switches coupled between respective current steering switches and output transistors.
3 . The DAC of claim 2 , wherein a source of a first reset switch of the plurality of reset switch is coupled to a drain of the respective current steering switch and is further coupled to a source.
4 . The DAC of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the plurality of reset switches comprises a first reset transistor and a second reset transistor in parallel to each other.
5 . The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to: at the second time, activate the reset switch of the second current path and deactivate each of the reset switches of the second and third current paths.
6 . The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the resistor is coupled to ground.
7 . The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the resistor is coupled to a source of the current steering switch.
8 . The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the plurality of DAC unit cells further comprises a current source coupled to the current steering switch.
9 . A digital-to-analog converter (DAC), comprising:
a plurality of current steering DAC unit cells, each of the plurality of current steering DAC unit cells comprising:
a resistor;
first, second, third and fourth current paths, each current path comprising a current steering switch coupled to the resistor and an output transistor coupled to the respective current steering switch;
a plurality of reset switches coupled between respective current steering switches and output transistors of the current paths; and
a plurality of current sources coupled to respective current steering switches of the current paths; and
a controller configured to bias the current steering switches of the plurality of current paths so that transistors within the current steering switches operate in triode region sequentially;
wherein biasing the switches of the plurality of current paths in triode sequentially comprises:
at a first time, biasing the current steering switch of the first current path in triode and deactivating each of the current steering switches of the second, third and fourth current paths, and activating the reset switch of the third current path and deactivating each of the reset switches of the first, second and fourth current paths; and
at a second time, biasing the current steering switch of the third current path in triode and deactivating each of the current steering switches of the first, second, and fourth current paths, and activating the reset switch of the first current path.
10 . The DAC of claim 9 , wherein biasing the current steering switches of the plurality of current paths in triode sequentially further comprises:
at the second time, activating the reset switch of the second current path and deactivating each of the reset switches of the second and third current paths.
11 . The DAC of claim 9 , wherein each of the plurality of reset switches comprises a first reset transistor and a second reset transistor in parallel to each other.
12 . The DAC of claim 9 , wherein the resistor is further coupled to ground.
13 . A method for controlling a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) comprising a plurality of DAC unit cells, at least one of the plurality of DAC unit cells comprising first, second, third and fourth current paths, each current path comprising a current steering switch and an output transistor coupled to the current steering switch, the method comprising:
at a first time, biasing the current steering switch of the first current path so that a transistor within the current steering switch of the first current path operates in triode region and deactivating each of the current steering switches of the second, third and fourth current paths; and
at a second time, biasing the current steering switch of the third current path so that a transistor within the current steering switch of the third current path operates in triode region and deactivating each of the current steering switches of the first, second, and fourth current paths;
wherein each of the first, second, third and fourth current paths comprises a reset switch coupled between the respective current steering switch and the respective output transistor, further comprising:
at the first time, activating the reset switch of the third current path and deactivating each of the reset switches of the first, second and fourth current paths; and
at the second time, activating the reset switch of the first current path.
14 . The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
at the second time, activating the reset switch of the second current path and deactivating each of the reset switches of the second and third current paths.