Extrusion based additive manufacturing
An additive manufacturing method in a heatable build room. A semi-crystalline modelling material is deposited through a nozzle on a build base or on a previously deposited slice. The crystallinity (%) of the modelling material of the previously deposited slice is above a remaining crystallinity threshold. The crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that the crystallinity by default is going below the remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively is maintained above said remaining crystallinity threshold, or the other way around. The crystallinity being controlled by e.g. controlling the temperature of the build room or of the nozzle; or selectively and locally cooling or heating the object at the region where the next track is deposited.
1 . A method for manufacturing a three dimensional object by additive manufacturing, wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside a heatable build room, said printhead being connected to a three dimensional positioning system, wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of a crystalline or semi-crystalline modelling material is deposited through a nozzle of the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice, whereby a body is formed by depositing the modelling material slice by slice,
wherein: the crystallinity (%) of the modelling material of said previously deposited slice is above a remaining crystallinity threshold,
said crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that said crystallinity by default is going below said remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively is maintained above said remaining crystallinity threshold, or
said crystallinity, at least at a region where a new track is deposited by the printhead on said previously deposited slice, and within a time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited, is controlled such that said crystallinity by default remains above said remaining crystallinity threshold and such that it selectively goes below said remaining crystallinity threshold,
the crystallinity being controlled by at least one of the following:
controlling the build room temperature;
controlling the temperature of the nozzle of the printhead;
selectively and locally cooling or heating the object at said region where the next track is deposited.
2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein said remaining crystallinity threshold is 10% and wherein the crystallinity is controlled such that it is lower than the threshold, optionally less than 8%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, or less than 2% when a slice region of a body portion having a first tensile strength is deposited, and such that the crystallinity is higher than the remaining crystallinity threshold, optionally between 10% and 20%, when a slice region of a body portion is deposited having a second tensile strength, which is lower than the first tensile strength.
3 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (T br ), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (T sr ) by cooling the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (T sr ) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks, optionally four tracks, of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three, optionally four, tracks is deposited by the printhead.
4 . The method according to claim 3 , wherein the modelling material is PEEK and wherein the build room temperature (T br ) ranges between 260° C. and 300° C., optionally is in a range between 260° C. and 280° C., and the slice region temperature (T sr ) is controlled to a temperature in a range between 200° C. and 240° C., optionally in a range between 210° C. and 230° C.
5 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (T br ), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity in said time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited is above the remaining crystallinity threshold, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (T sr ) by heating the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (T sr ) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, is below the remaining crystallinity threshold, optionally is less than 5%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead.
6 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein individual first tracks of the plurality of first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited individual first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.
7 . An extrusion based additive manufacturing apparatus comprising:
a build room adapted to be heated,
a temperature control system to control a process temperature inside the build room,
a build base located in the build room to support an object to be manufactured,
a print head located in the build room, the print head comprising a nozzle for depositing crystalline or semi-crystalline thermoplastic modelling material to build the object to be manufactured, and the print head comprising a heating device to liquify the modelling material fed to the printhead in an initial solid state,
wherein the print head and/or the base are coupled to a 3D positioning system to move the print head and/or the base relative to each other, allowing to deposit tracks of modelling material to build the object to be manufactured,
wherein the temperature control system has a “strength mode” and an “aesthetic mode” and is adapted to toggle between said “strength mode” and said “aesthetic mode” while manufacturing the object,
wherein:
the control system has a setpoint for the build room temperature which corresponds to the “strength mode”, and the apparatus comprises a (precision) cooling device adapted to selectively and locally lower the temperature of the object to a temperature corresponding to the “aesthetic mode”; or
the control system has a setpoint for the build room temperature which corresponds to the “aesthetic mode”, and the apparatus comprises a (precision) heating device adapted to selectively and locally raise the temperature of the object to a temperature, which corresponds to the “strength mode”.
8 . The apparatus according to claim 7 ,
wherein the setpoint for the build room temperature corresponding to the “strength mode” is selected for the specific modelling material such that when the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity is less than a predefined remaining crystallinity threshold when one of said at least three tracks is deposited; and
wherein the setpoint for the build room temperature corresponding to the “aesthetic mode” is selected for the specific modelling material such that when the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity is more than a predefined remaining crystallinity threshold when one of said at least three tracks is deposited.
9 . A method for the additive manufacturing of an object of a crystalline or semi-crystalline modelling material having a melting temperature T m , wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside the build room at an extrudate temperature T extr , wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of the crystalline or semi-crystalline thermoplastic modelling material is deposited by the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice, wherein:
the temperature of the build room (T br ) ranges between 2*T m −T extr +14 and 2*T m −T extr +54
wherein part of the tracks in a slice are printed in an aesthetic mode and part of the tracks are printed in a strength mode,
wherein the temperature at a location where at least three tracks meet, in the aesthetic mode is controlled by local cooling and ranges between 2*T m −T extr −56 and 2*T m −T extr +4,
wherein the temperature at a location where at least three tracks, optionally four tracks meet in the strength mode is controlled to be in the range between *T m −T extr +14 and 2*T m −T extr +54.
10 . The method according to claim 9 , wherein the modelling material is PEEK having a T m of 343° C., wherein T extr ranges between 410° C. and 450° C.
11 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein T br ranges between 250° C. and 290° C., optionally between 260° C. and 280° C., between 265° C. and 280° C., or between 270° C. and 280° C.
12 . A method for determining a process temperature of a build room for additive manufacturing wherein tracks of modelling material are deposited in slices by means of a printhead inside the build room, wherein in each slice a plurality of tracks of a crystalline or semi-crystalline thermoplastic modelling material is deposited by the printhead on a build base or on the tracks of a previously deposited slice,
wherein:
the crystallinity of the modelling material is determined at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet,
a first process temperature (T1) is determined at which the crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited, and/or
a second process temperature (T2) is determined at which the crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited.
13 . The method according to claim 12 , wherein a temperature-time characteristic is determined by a thermal simulation for said location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, using a given set of process conditions, and wherein the temperature-time characteristic is used as input in the MEMS-DSC device whereby the crystallinity for this temperature time characteristic is measured.
14 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the modelling material is PEEK.
15 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the 3D object is made with at least an object portion optimized for shape accuracy and an object portion optimized for strength, wherein the object portion optimized for accuracy has at least 30% better shape accuracy than an object portion optimized for strength, wherein the shape accuracy is determined according to ISO 2768.
16 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein an object is manufactured from PEEK, the nozzle of the printhead has a diameter of 0.6 mm, the track width is 0.72 mm and the track height is 0.15 mm, and wherein the object has object portions having a shape inaccuracy less than 2 mm according to ISO 2768.
17 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (T br ), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is less than 5% when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (T sr ) by cooling the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (T sr ) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks, optionally four tracks, of the previously deposited slice and the currently deposited slice meet, the remaining crystallinity is more than 10% when one of said at least three, optionally four, tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
wherein the modelling material is PEEK and wherein the build room temperature (T br ) ranges between 260° C. and 300° C., optionally is in a range between 260° C. and 280° C., and the slice region temperature (T sr ) is controlled to a temperature in a range between 200° C. and 240° C., optionally between 210° C. and 230° C.
18 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein:
the modelling material is deposited within the build room having a temperature set to a build room temperature (Tor), at which the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, the crystallinity in said time range of 0-5 sec. after the new track is deposited is above the remaining crystallinity threshold, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead, and
the slice region temperature is controlled locally to a temperature (T sr ) by heating the body at a region surrounding the location where the modelling material is deposited, at which temperature (T sr ) the crystallinity of the modelling material at a location where at least three tracks meet, is below the remaining crystallinity threshold, optionally is less than 5%, when one of said at least three tracks is deposited by the printhead.
19 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein individual first tracks of the plurality of first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited individual first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.
20 . The method according to claim 17 , wherein:
a plurality of first tracks of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead under a first pressure, wherein individual first tracks of the plurality of first tracks are spaced apart so as to leave a gap between them; and
a second track of three-dimensional modelling material is deposited by the printhead in each of the gaps between the deposited individual first tracks under a second pressure, which is higher than the first pressure, such that the gaps are filled entirely.