Sub-10 nanometer fluorescence imaging

1 . A method for imaging cells, the method comprising:

transfecting one or more cells with one or more plasmids to form transfected one or more cells;

labeling the transfected one or more cells with a dye;

exciting the dye with an energy source, wherein the dye is configured to emit an emission light;

imaging one or more portions of the transfected one or more cells with a sensor, for a predetermined exposure time, a plurality of times to form a plurality of images;

classifying each image of the plurality of images into a first group of images above a predetermined threshold for a number of photons per image or a second group of images below the predetermined threshold the number of photons per image;

analyzing the first group of images to track locations of the one or more portions for each of the first group of images and to track a fluorescence trajectory of each photon in the first group of images;

determining an inside number of images of the first group of images within the predetermined tracking radius and an outside number of images of the first group of images external to the predetermined tracking radius;

applying a pulsed, excitation light energy to the transfected one or more cells;

measuring an emission energy from the excited, transfected one or more cells; and

determining whether the emission energy is from one or more independently emitting quantum systems based on the measured emission, the tracked locations of the first group of images and the fluorescence trajectory.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of a cyanine dye, a rhodamine dye, a silicon-rhodamine dye, fluorescein dyes, oxazine dyes, Bodipy-dyes, and combinations thereof.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is labeled by direct covalent site-specific attachment of an organic dye to a protein of interest, which can be achieved by genetic code expansion (GCE) incorporating a non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into the one or more cells that can be labeled by bioorthogonal click chemistry.

5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the energy source excites the dye with an irradiation intensity of about 1.5 KW cm −2 to about 5 KW cm −2 .

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined exposure time is about 5 ms (frame rate 200 Hz) to about 100 ms (frame rate 10 Hz).

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of times is about 18,000 times to about 120,000 times.

8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the locations of the one or more portions, for each of the first group of images are tracked within a predetermined tracking radius of about 150 nm.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein an irradiation intensity of the pulsed, excitation light is about 0.5 kW cm −2 to about 2.5 kW cm −2 .

10 . A system configured to image one or more cells, the system comprising:

a holder configured to receive dye labeled, transfected one or more cells;

an energy source configured to excite the dye of the dye labeled, transfected one or more cells;

an imaging sensor configured to image one or more portions of the dye labeled, transfected one or more cells, for a predetermined exposure time, a plurality of times to form a plurality of images;

an excitation light energy source configured to apply a pulsed, excitation light energy to the dye labeled, transfected one or more cells;

an emission energy sensor configured to measure an emission energy from the excited, transfected one or more cells; and

a processor comprising hardware, the processor configured to:

classify each image of the plurality of images into a first group of images above a predetermined threshold for a number of photons per image or a second group of images below the predetermined threshold the number of photons per image;

analyze the first group of images to track locations of the one or more portions for each of the first group of images and to track a fluorescence trajectory of each photon in the first group of images;

determine an inside number of images of the first group of images within the predetermined tracking radius and an outside number of images of the first group of images external to the predetermined tracking radius; and

determine whether the emission energy is from one or more independently emitting quantum systems based on the measured emission, the tracked locations of the first group of images and the fluorescence trajectory.

11 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of a cyanine dye, a rhodamine dye, a silicon-rhodamine dye, fluorescein dyes, oxazine dyes, Bodipy-dyes, and combinations thereof.

12 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the dye is selected from the group consisting of Cy5, Alexa Fluor 647.

13 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the dye is labeled by direct covalent site-specific attachment of an organic dye to a protein of interest, which can be achieved by genetic code expansion (GCE) incorporating a non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into the one or more cells that can be labeled by bioorthogonal click chemistry.

14 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the energy source excites the dye with an irradiation intensity of about 1.5 KW cm −2 to about 5 KW cm −2 .

15 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the predetermined exposure time is about 5 ms (frame rate 200 Hz) to about 100 ms (frame rate 10 Hz).

16 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of times is about 18,000 times to about 120,000 times.

17 . The system of claim 10 , wherein the locations of the one or more portions, for each of the first group of images are tracked within a predetermined tracking radius of about 150 nm.

18 . The system of claim 10 , wherein an irradiation intensity of the pulsed, excitation light is about 0.5 kW cm −2 to about 2.5 kW cm −2 .