Optical step-up transformer
A structure and method of operating an optical step-up transformer are described. The optical step-up transformer has at least one photodiode and at least one photoreceiver. The photoreceiver receives light emitted from the photodiode and generates a voltage proportional to the number of series-connected photoreceivers. The photodiode and photoreceiver may be electrically isolated or may share a common anode or cathode. The voltage applied to the photodiode may be a DC or PWM signal.
1 . An optical step-up transformer system comprising:
a light emitter configured to be coupled to a power source configured to provide a voltage having a predetermined amplitude, the light emitter configured to emit light based on the voltage;
a first light detector configured to detect the light from the light emitter and provide a voltage in response, the first light detector including a plurality of individual light detectors coupled in series, an output voltage of the first light detector being about the predetermined amplitude times a number of the individual light detectors;
a secondary light emitter coupled to the first light detector, the secondary light emitter configured to emit light based on the output voltage of the first light detector; and
a switch configured to couple the first light detector to a capacitor and the capacitor to the secondary light emitter, the capacitor configured to be charged by the first light detector at a first time and discharged through the secondary light emitter at a second time.
2 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein the light emitter is electrically isolated from, and optically coupled to, the first light detector.
3 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein the light emitter is a light emitting diode (LED), the individual light detectors are photodiodes, and the secondary light emitter is a camera flash.
4 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein the first light detector includes a first set of individual light detectors coupled in series and a second set of individual light detectors coupled in series, the first set of individual light detectors coupled in parallel with the second set of individual light detectors.
5 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein the light emitter includes a first set of individual light emitters and a second set of individual light emitters connected in series, the first set of individual light emitters coupled in parallel with the second set of individual light emitters.
6 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , further comprising the power source, wherein an anode of the light emitter is coupled to an anode of the first light detector and the power source is configured to provide a positive voltage to the anode of the light emitter and the anode of the first light detector.
7 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , further comprising the power source, wherein:
the light emitter and first light detector are formed as a gallium nitride (GaN) monolithic device, and
a cathode of the light emitter is coupled to a cathode of the first light detector and the power source is configured to provide a negative voltage to the cathode of the light emitter and the cathode of the first light detector.
8 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first light detector includes a first set of individual light detectors coupled in series and a second set of individual light detectors coupled in series,
the first set of individual light detectors are coupled in parallel with the second set of individual light detectors such that a terminal anode of the first set of individual light detectors is coupled to a terminal cathode of the second set of individual light detectors and a terminal cathode of the first set of individual light detectors is coupled to a terminal anode of the second set of individual light detectors, and
the optical step-up transformer system further comprises a Cockcroft-Walton multiplier coupled to:
a first junction between the terminal anode of the first set of individual light detectors and the terminal cathode of the second set of individual light detectors, and
a first junction between the terminal cathode of the first set of individual light detectors and the terminal anode of the second set of individual light detectors.
9 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein the light emitter and the first light detector are monolithic and share a common cathode or a common anode.
10 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein:
the light emitter is circular and formed on a substrate and each of the individual light detectors is substantially semicircular and are formed on the substrate,
the individual light detectors surround the light emitter, and
active semiconductor layers of the individual light detectors are coplanar with an active semiconductor layer of the light emitter.
11 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , wherein:
the light emitter includes a plurality of rectangular colinear individual light emitters formed on a substrate, and
the individual light detectors are substantially L shaped, substantially surround the light emitter, and are formed on the substrate.
12 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 1 , further comprising the power source, wherein the power source is configured to provide a pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage having the predetermined amplitude.
13 . An optical step-up transformer comprising:
a circular light emitter configured to emit light and comprising a radial notch from an edge in the light emitter to a center of the light emitter that is configured to suppress a whispering gallery mode in the optical step-up transformer; and
an annular light detector configured to detect the light from the light emitter and provide a current in response, the light emitter and the light detector being monolithic and sharing a common cathode or anode, the light detector continuously surrounding the light emitter.
14 . The optical step-up transformer of claim 13 , wherein the radial notch is a wedge and the light emitter is pie-shaped.
15 . The optical step-up transformer of claim 13 , wherein the radial notch is semi-circular in shape.
16 . An optical step-up transformer system comprising:
a light emitter configured to be coupled to a power source configured to provide a voltage having a predetermined amplitude, the light emitter configured to emit light based on the voltage; and
a first light detector configured to detect the light from the light emitter and provide a voltage in response, the first light detector including a plurality of individual light detectors coupled in series, an output voltage of the first light detector being about the predetermined amplitude times a number of the individual light detectors,
wherein:
the first light detector includes a first set of individual light detectors coupled in series and a second set of individual light detectors coupled in series,
the first set of individual light detectors are coupled in parallel with the second set of individual light detectors such that a terminal anode of the first set of individual light detectors is coupled to a terminal cathode of the second set of individual light detectors and a terminal cathode of the first set of individual light detectors is coupled to a terminal anode of the second set of individual light detectors, and
the optical step-up transformer system further comprises a Cockcroft-Walton multiplier coupled to:
a first junction between the terminal anode of the first set of individual light detectors and the terminal cathode of the second set of individual light detectors, and
a first junction between the terminal cathode of the first set of individual light detectors and the terminal anode of the second set of individual light detectors.
17 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 16 , further comprising a second light emitter coupled to the first light detector, the second light emitter configured to emit light based on the output voltage of the first light detector.
18 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 16 , wherein the first set of individual light detectors are coupled in parallel with the second set of individual light detectors.
19 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 16 , wherein:
the light emitter is circular and formed on a substrate and each of the individual light detectors is semicircular and are formed on the substrate,
the individual light detectors surround the light emitter, and
active semiconductor layers of the individual light detectors are coplanar with an active semiconductor layer of the light emitter.
20 . The optical step-up transformer system of claim 16 , wherein:
the light emitter includes a plurality of rectangular colinear individual light emitters formed on a substrate, and
the individual light detectors are substantially L shaped, substantially surround the light emitter, and are formed on the substrate.