Visual cryptography for text using layers
Implementations provide visual cryptographic techniques that obscure text using pixel manipulation and multiple visual layers. The visual cryptography techniques implemented in embodiments manipulate the pixel values of an image that define target text and generate multiple layers using the manipulated pixel values. The generated layers are configured such that successive and rapid display of the layers generates an obscured version of the image and a legible version of the target text when viewed by a person. However, implementations generate and/or display the layers such that the target text is illegible in captured image(s) or video of the obscured version of the image. Thus, embodiments provide an obscured version of an image with legible target text when viewed by a person, but the target text is illegible in captured image(s) or video of the obscured version of the image due to insufficient information capture.
1 . A method for obscuring an image of text using visual cryptography, the method comprising:
receiving an image comprising pixel values that define target text;
generating a plurality of visual layers using the received image, wherein,
the visual layers are generated by manipulating the pixel values of the image, and
each of the visual layers comprises one or more blank portions and one or more populated portions, the populated portions comprising at least some of the manipulated pixel values; and
providing the visual layers to a visual output element, wherein,
the visual output element successively renders different ones or combinations of the visual layers, over a period of time, according to one or more patterns,
at least one of the one or more patterns aligns an overlap, for at least a portion of the successively rendered visual layers, such that blank portions of first ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers are aligned over populated portions of second ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers,
the successively rendered visual layers are displayed via display hardware as an obscured representation of the image that includes a legible version of the target text when perceived by a human, and
at least the one or more patterns of the successively rendered visual layers secure the displayed target text against image capture, via an image capturing device.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more patterns of the successively rendered visual layers secure the displayed target text against image capture such that the target text is obscured in the visual capture.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein an instance of visual capture of the displayed target text comprises a captured image or video, the captured image or video captures one or more visual layers of the successively rendered visual layers, and the captured one or more visual layers generate a captured representation of the image that comprises an obscured version of the target text.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the successively rendered visual layers comprise a video.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein an instance of visual capture of the displayed target text, by the image capturing device, comprises a captured image or video, the captured image or video captures one or more visual layers of the successively rendered visual layers from the displayed video, and the captured one or more visual layers generate a captured representation of the image that comprises an obscured version of the target text.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein manipulating the pixel values comprises applying structural manipulation to at least a set of the pixel values, the structural manipulation comprising combining and/or averaging pixel values from two or more of the pixel values of the image to generate each pixel value in the set of pixel values.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein manipulating the pixel values comprises applying distortion manipulation to at least a portion of the pixel values, the distortion manipulation comprising one or more of: a pixelation function that pixelates the portion of the pixel values; a blur function that blurs the portion of the pixel values; a noise function that applies pixel value noise to the portion of the pixel values; or any combination thereof.
8 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the first ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers and the second ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers are successively displayed in the video.
9 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the video successively displays each of the plurality of visual layers over the period of time as a display instance, and the video displays multiple of the display instance over a duration of time that spans multiple of the period of time.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of visual layers comprise at least 30 different visual layers or at least 60 different visual layers.
11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
determining a refresh rate for the display hardware, wherein a number of the visual layers generated and successively rendered is based on the determined refresh rate.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein different populated portions of different ones of the visual layers are redundant.
13 . A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to obscure an image of text using visual cryptography, wherein the processor is configured to:
receive an image comprising pixel values that define target text;
generate a plurality of visual layers using the received image, wherein,
the visual layers are generated by manipulating the pixel values of the image, and
each of the visual layers comprises one or more blank portions and one or more populated portions, the populated portions comprising at least some of the manipulated pixel values; and
provide the visual layers to a visual output element, wherein,
the visual output element successively renders different ones or combinations of the visual layers, over a period of time, according to one or more patterns,
at least one of the one or more patterns aligns an overlap, for at least a portion of the successively rendered visual layers, such that blank portions of first ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers are aligned over populated portions of second ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers,
the successively rendered visual layers are displayed via display hardware as an obscured representation of the image that includes a legible version of the target text when perceived by a human, and
at least the one or more patterns of the successively rendered visual layers secure the displayed target text against image capture, via an image capturing device.
14 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13 , wherein the one or more patterns of the successively rendered visual layer secure the displayed target text against image capture such that the target text is obscured in the visual capture.
15 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , wherein an instance of visual capture of the displayed target text comprises a captured image or video, the captured image or video captures one or more visual layers of the successively rendered visual layers, and the captured one or more visual layers generate a captured representation of the image that comprises an obscured version of the target text.
16 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 14 , wherein the successively rendered visual layers comprise a video.
17 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein an instance of visual capture of the displayed target text, by the image capturing device, comprises a captured image or video, the captured image or video captures one or more visual layers of the successively rendered visual layers from the displayed video, and the captured one or more visual layers generate a captured representation of the image that comprises an obscured version of the target text.
18 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16 , wherein manipulating the pixel values comprises applying structural manipulation to at least a set of the pixel values, the structural manipulation comprising combining and/or averaging pixel values from two or more of the pixel values of the image to generate each pixel value in the set of pixel values.
19 . The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein manipulating the pixel values comprises applying distortion manipulation to at least a portion of the pixel values, the distortion manipulation comprising one or more of: a pixelation function that pixelates the portion of the pixel values; a blur function that blurs the portion of the pixel values; a noise function that applies pixel value noise to the portion of the pixel values; or any combination thereof.
20 . A system for obscuring an image of text using visual cryptography, the system comprising:
a memory; and
a processor, coupled to the memory, configured to:
receive an image comprising pixel values that define target text;
generate a plurality of visual layers using the received image, wherein,
the visual layers are generated by manipulating the pixel values of the image, and
each of the visual layers comprises one or more blank portions and one or more populated portions, the populated portions comprising at least some of the manipulated pixel values; and
provide the visual layers to a visual output element, wherein,
the visual output element successively renders different ones or combinations of the visual layers over a period of time, according to one or more patterns,
at least one of the one or more patterns aligns an overlap, for al east a portion of the successively rendered visual layers, such that blank portions of first ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers are aligned over populated portions of second ones or combinations of the portion of successively rendered visual layers,
the successively rendered visual layers are displayed via display hardware as an obscured representation of the image that includes a legible version of the target text when perceived by a human, and
at least the one or more patterns of the successively rendered visual layers secure the displayed target text against image capture, via an image capturing device.