Desulfurization using a molten carbonate fuel cell
Systems and methods are provided for maintaining and/or improving operating lifetime for molten carbonate fuel cells that contain reforming catalyst in the anode when processing cathode input flows that contain sulfur oxides. The systems and methods can include a serial arrangement of molten carbonate fuel cells, where a first fuel cell includes a reduced or minimized amount of reforming catalyst in the anode. A second molten carbonate fuel cell can include reforming catalyst in the anode.
1 . A method for operating a plurality of fuel cells, comprising:
passing a first cathode input flow comprising O 2 , 4.0 vol % or more of CO 2 , and 20 ppbv or more of SO 2 into a first cathode of a first molten carbonate fuel cell;
passing a first anode input flow comprising H 2 into a first anode of the first molten carbonate fuel cell, the first anode comprising a) substantially no reforming catalyst, or b) less than 0.04 g/cm 3 of a reforming catalyst;
operating the first molten carbonate fuel cell to produce a first cathode output flow and a first anode output flow, a ratio of SO 2 in the first cathode output flow to SO 2 in the first cathode input flow being 0.05 or less;
passing a second cathode input flow into a second cathode of a second molten carbonate fuel cell, the second cathode input flow comprising at least a portion of the first cathode output flow, the second cathode input flow comprising O 2 , a CO 2 content of 3.0 vol % or more, and a SO 2 content that is lower than the SO 2 content of the first cathode input flow;
passing a second anode input flow comprising a reformable hydrocarbon into a second anode of the second molten carbonate fuel cell; and
operating the second molten carbonate fuel cell at an average current density of 60 mA/cm 2 or more to produce electricity, a second cathode output flow, and a second anode output flow,
wherein a ratio of the volume of SO 2 in the second cathode input flow to the volume of SO 2 in the first cathode output flow is 0.5 to 5.0.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second anode comprises a reforming catalyst density of 0.06 g/cm 3 or more.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the first molten carbonate fuel cell comprises operating the first molten carbonate fuel cell at a CO 2 utilization of 5.0% to 60%.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode input flow comprises 20 ppbv to 200 ppbv of SO 2 , and wherein the first cathode output flow comprises 5 ppbv or less of SO 2 .
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode input flow comprises 1.0 ppmv to 100 ppmv of SO 2 , and wherein the first cathode output flow comprises 50 ppbv or less of SO 2 .
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second cathode input flow comprises 10 ppbv or less of SO 2 .
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first anode input inlet-flow comprises at least a portion of the second anode output flow.
8 . The method of claim 1 , separating the first anode output flow to form at least a CO 2 product comprising 90 wt % or more CO 2 and a desulfurized stream comprising H 2 , the desulfurized stream comprising 50 ppbv or less of H 2 S.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the first anode input flow comprises at least a portion of the desulfurized stream.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the second molten carbonate fuel cell comprises operating the second molten carbonate fuel cell at a CO 2 utilization of 70% or more.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein operating the second molten carbonate fuel cell comprises operating the second molten carbonate fuel cell at a fuel utilization of 50% or less.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first molten carbonate fuel cell is operated at a peak internal cell temperature of 680° C. or less.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second cathode input flow consists essentially of at least a portion of the first cathode output flow.
14 . A fuel cell system, comprising:
a first molten carbonate fuel cell, comprising a first cathode, a first electrolyte, and a first anode, the first anode comprising a) substantially no reforming catalyst, or b) a reforming catalyst density of less than 0.04 g/cm 3 , the first cathode comprising a first cathode outlet;
a second molten carbonate fuel cell, comprising a second cathode, a second electrolyte, and a second anode, the second anode comprising a reforming catalyst density of 0.06 g/cm 3 or more, the second cathode comprising a second cathode inlet in fluid communication with the first cathode outlet; and
one or more separation stages in fluid communication with at least one of a second anode outlet of the second anode and a first anode outlet of the first anode,
wherein the one or more separation stages comprise an H 2 S adsorbent stage, the desulfurization stage comprising a desulfurized stream outlet.
15 . The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the one or more separation stages are in fluid communication with the first anode outlet, and wherein the first anode comprises a first anode inlet in fluid communication with the second anode outlet.
16 . The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the one or more separation stages are in fluid communication with the second anode outlet, and wherein the first anode comprises a first anode inlet in fluid communication with the desulfurized stream outlet.
17 . The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the second molten carbonate fuel cell comprises a fuel cell within a fuel cell stack, the fuel cell stack further comprising a reforming element, the reforming element being in fluid communication with a second anode inlet of the second anode.
18 . The fuel cell system of claim 14 , wherein the system comprises a plurality of second molten carbonate fuel cells comprising a plurality of second cathode inlets, the plurality of second cathode inlets being in fluid communication with the first cathode outlet.