Driving sequences for reducing image ghosting in multi-particle electrophoretic displays
Multi-particle electrophoretic displays, including three and four-particle displays, and methods of driving such displays with waveforms having shaking pulses configured to reduce or eliminate image ghosting.
1 . A method of driving an electrophoretic display layer to desired optical states with reduced image ghosting, the electrophoretic display layer being disposed between a viewing surface including a light-transmissive electrode layer and a second opposite surface including a driving electrode layer, the display layer including an electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the at least three types of particles having different optical characteristics from one another, the method comprising the following steps for each pixel of the electrophoretic display layer:
(a) applying a shaking voltage pulse sequence to a pixel for a first period of time to promote mixing of the at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the shaking voltage pulse sequence comprising, in order, a first series of shaking voltage pulses, a second series of shaking voltage pulses, a third series of shaking voltage pulses, and a fourth series of shaking voltage pulses, wherein each series of shaking voltage pulses comprises alternating positive and negative voltage pulses repeated a plurality of times, and wherein the voltage pulses of the second and third series have the same frequency, the voltage pulses of the first series have a higher frequency than the voltage pulses of the second and third series, and the voltage pulses of the fourth series have a lower frequency than the voltage pulses of the second and third series; and
(b) applying a push-pull voltage pulse sequence to the pixel for a second period of time following the first period of time to drive the pixel to a targeted color state at the viewing side of the display layer.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least three types of particles comprises first, second, third, and fourth types of particles, the first and third types of particles having charges of a first polarity and the second and fourth types of particles having charges of a second polarity opposite the first polarity, wherein the first type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the third type of particles, and the second type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the fourth type of particles.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the first, second, third, and fourth types of particles are black, yellow, red, and white, respectively.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least three types of particles comprises first, second, and third types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the first and third types of particles having charges of a first polarity and the second type of particles having charges of a second polarity opposite the first polarity, wherein the first type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the third type of particles.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the first, second, and third, types of particles are black, red, and white, respectively.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the shaking voltage pulses of the first, second, third, and fourth series of shaking voltage pulses have the same amplitude.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the shaking voltage pulses of the first, second, third, and fourth series of shaking voltage pulses alternate between +15V and −15V.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the shaking voltage pulses of the first, second, third, and fourth series of shaking voltage pulses have a frequency of about 25 Hz, 12.5 Hz, 12.5 Hz, and 3.125 Hz, respectively.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first, second, third, and fourth series of shaking voltage pulses are separated by zero voltage pauses.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first period of time is less than the second period of time.
11 . An electrophoretic display device, comprising:
an electrophoretic display layer disposed between a viewing surface including a light-transmissive electrode layer and a second opposite surface including a driving electrode layer, the display layer including an electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the at least three types of particles having different optical characteristics from one another;
a memory storing a set of waveforms for driving each pixel of the electrophoretic display layer to a targeted color state, each of the set of waveforms comprising a shaking voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a first period of time to promote mixing of the at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid followed by a push-pull voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a second period of time to drive the pixel to the targeted color state, each shaking voltage pulse sequence comprising, in order, a first series of shaking voltage pulses, a second series of shaking voltage pulses, a third series of shaking voltage pulses, and a fourth series of shaking voltage pulses, wherein each series of shaking voltage pulses comprises alternating positive and negative voltage pulses repeated a plurality of times, and wherein the voltage pulses of the second and third series have the same frequency, the voltage pulses of the first series have a higher frequency than the voltage pulses of the second and third series, and the voltage pulses of the fourth series have a lower frequency than the voltage pulses of the second and third series; and
a processor for selecting a waveform from the set of waveforms appropriate for driving each pixel to a desired color state and applying the waveform to the pixel.
12 . A method of driving an electrophoretic display layer to desired optical states with reduced image ghosting, the electrophoretic display layer being disposed between a viewing surface including a light-transmissive electrode layer and a second opposite surface including a driving electrode layer, the display layer including an electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the at least three types of particles having different optical characteristics from one another, the method comprising the following steps for driving each pixel of the electrophoretic display layer to a targeted color state:
(a) selecting a waveform for driving a pixel to a targeted color state from a set of waveforms stored in a memory each for driving a pixel to a different color state, each of the set of waveforms comprising a shaking voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a first period of time to promote mixing of the at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid followed by a push-pull voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a second period of time to drive the pixel to a targeted color state, wherein at least two of the waveforms in the set of waveforms have different shaking voltage pulse sequences, the shaking voltage pulse sequence for each waveform configured to reduce image ghosting in the targeted color state produced by the subsequent push-pull voltage pulse sequence in the waveform; and
(b) applying the waveform selected in step (a) to drive the pixel to the targeted color state.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least three types of particles comprises first, second, third, and fourth types of particles, the first and third types of particles having charges of a first polarity and the second and fourth types of particles having charges of a second polarity opposite the first polarity, wherein the first type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the third type of particles, and the second type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the fourth type of particles.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the first, second, third, and fourth types of particles are black, yellow, red, and white, respectively.
15 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least three types of particles comprises first, second, and third types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the first and third types of particles having charges of a first polarity and the second type of particles having charges of a second polarity opposite the first polarity, wherein the first type of particles has a greater charge magnitude than the third type of particles.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first, second, and third, types of particles are black, red, and white, respectively.
17 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the shaking voltage pulse sequence of one of the waveforms of the set of waveforms comprises multiple series of shaking voltage pulses, wherein each series of shaking voltage pulses comprises alternating positive and negative voltage pulses repeated a plurality of times, and wherein the positive and negative voltage pulses have asymmetric pulse widths.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the positive voltage pulses have a pulse width of about 60 ms and the negative voltage pulses have a pulse width of about 20 ms, or wherein the positive voltage pulses have a pulse width of about 20 ms and the negative voltage pulses have a pulse width of about 60 ms.
19 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the shaking voltage pulse sequence of one of the waveforms of the set of waveforms comprises, in order, at least a first series of shaking voltage pulses, a second series of shaking voltage pulses, a third series of shaking voltage pulses, and a fourth series of shaking voltage pulses, wherein each series of shaking voltage pulses comprises alternating positive and negative voltage pulses repeated a plurality of times, and wherein the first and third series of shaking voltage pulses have a given frequency, and the second and fourth series of shaking voltage pulses have a frequency greater than the given frequency.
20 . An electrophoretic display device, comprising:
an electrophoretic display layer disposed between a viewing surface including a light-transmissive electrode layer and a second opposite surface including a driving electrode layer, the display layer including an electrophoretic medium comprising a non-polar fluid and at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid, the at least three types of particles having different optical characteristics from one another;
a memory storing a set of waveforms for driving each pixel of the electrophoretic display layer to a targeted color state, each waveform in the set of waveforms comprising a shaking voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a first period of time to promote mixing of the at least three types of particles dispersed in the non-polar fluid followed by a push-pull voltage pulse sequence to be applied for a second subsequent period of time to drive the pixel to a targeted color state, wherein at least two of the waveforms in the set of waveforms have different shaking voltage pulse sequences, the shaking voltage pulse sequence for each waveform configured to reduce image ghosting in the targeted color state produced by the subsequent push-pull voltage pulse sequence in the waveform; and
a processor for selecting a waveform from the set of waveforms appropriate for driving each pixel to a desired color state and applying the waveform to the pixel.