Method for applying a protective layer to an alkali metal or alkali metal alloy surface, and article comprising such protective layer
A method is disclosed for applying a protective layer on at least part of an exposed alkali metal or alkali metal alloy substrate. The method includes activating a gas using a plasma discharge to obtain an activated gas and contacting the exposed surface with the activated gas. A protective layer is formed on at least part of the exposed surface. The gas has a nitrogen-comprising compound such that the protective layer includes at least 60 mol % of a corresponding alkali metal nitrate. The present disclosure is further related to an article including a substrate having a surface including an alkali metal or alkali metal alloy and a protective layer arranged on at least part of the alkali metal or alkali metal alloy surface of the substrate. The protective layer is conductive to ions of the corresponding alkali metal and has at least 60 mol % of a corresponding alkali metal nitrate.
1 . A method for applying a protective layer on at least part of an exposed surface of a substrate, wherein the exposed surface comprises an alkali metal or an alkali metal alloy, the method comprising:
(i) activating a gas by means of a plasma discharge, to obtain an activated gas,
(ii) contacting the exposed surface with the activated gas, wherein a protective layer is formed on at least part of the exposed surface,
wherein the gas comprises a nitrogen-comprising compound in an amount, such that the protective layer comprises at least 60 mol % of a corresponding alkali metal nitrate, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprises nitrous oxide (N 2 O).
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprises N 2 .
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the gas comprises N 2 O in an amount between 0.05 vol. % and 99.95 vol. %.
5 . The method of claim 1 , the gas comprises O 2 in an amount equal to or lower than 0.5 vol. %.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkali metal is lithium (Li), or wherein the alkali metal alloy comprises at least 5 wt. % lithium based on a total weight of the alkali metal alloy, and wherein the corresponding alkali metal nitrate is lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ).
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein during contacting the exposed surface with the activated gas, a temperature of the exposed surface is equal to or lower than 700° C.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge is a dielectric barrier plasma discharge, a microwave plasma discharge, a radio frequency plasma discharge, an inductive coupled plasma discharge, an arc plasma discharge, or a DC plasma discharge.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma discharge has a plasma power density between 20 Wh/m 2 and 50 Wh/cm 2 of treated surface area.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is carried out in a plasma equipment mounted in a closed environment, wherein the closed environment comprises an inert gas, and wherein a pressure of the closed environment is above atmospheric pressure.
11 . An article, comprising:
a substrate having an interface surface comprising an alkali metal or an alkali metal alloy; and
a protective layer arranged on at least part of the interface surface;
wherein the protective layer is conductive to ions of the corresponding alkali metal and comprises at least 60 mol % of a corresponding alkali metal nitrate, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
12 . The article of claim 11 , wherein the protective layer comprises at most 40 mol % of a corresponding alkali metal oxide, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
13 . The article of claim 11 , wherein the protective layer has a thickness between 5 nm and 500 μm.
14 . The article of claim 11 , wherein the alkali metal is lithium (Li), or wherein the alkali metal alloy comprises at least 5 wt. % lithium based on a total weight of the alkali metal alloy, and wherein the corresponding alkali metal nitrate is lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ).
15 . The article of claim 11 , wherein the protective layer consists essentially of the corresponding alkali metal nitrate and comprises substantially no impurities, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
16 . An electrode comprising the article of claim 11 .
17 . A battery cell comprising the electrode of claim 16 , wherein the electrode is an anode.
18 . The battery cell according to claim 17 , wherein the battery cell is configured to have a Coulombic efficiency of at least 85% after 150 charging and discharging cycles.
19 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the gas comprises a mixture of N 2 and N 2 O.
20 . The method of claim 19 , further comprising generating a plasma discharge in a nitrogen carrier gas and wherein (ii) activating the gas comprises injecting a precursor comprising the mixture of N 2 and N 2 O in the plasma discharge to obtain the activated gas.