Hybrid adaptive optical system for free-space optical communication

1 . A free-space optical communication terminal comprising:

an optical head comprising:

a position sensitive detector configured to measure a position of a received laser beam;

a micro-gimbaled deformable mirror configurable to modify a wavefront of the received laser beam; and

a wavefront sensor configured to measure a wavefront profile of a portion of the received laser beam;

a steering device configurable to move the optical head; and

one or more controllers configured to:

control, based on the measured position of the received laser beam, the steering device to correct aberrations within a first frequency band;

control, based on the measured wavefront profile of the portion of the received laser beam, the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within a second frequency band, the second frequency band higher than the first frequency band; and

control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within a third frequency band, wherein a maximum frequency of the third frequency band is higher than a maximum frequency of the second frequency band.

2 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the second frequency band and the third frequency band partially overlap.

3 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within the second frequency band based on Zernike modes, Fourier modes, wavelet modes, or Laplace eigen modes of the measured wavefront profile.

4 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within the third frequency band using a stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm, a statistical historic data-based method, a machine-learning model, a model-based method, or a model-free method.

5 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , further comprising:

an analyzer configured to determine a metric of the received laser beam modified by the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror,

wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to iteratively correct the aberrations within the third frequency band based on outputs of the analyzer.

6 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , further comprising:

a camera configured to capture images of the received laser beam modified by the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror,

wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within the third frequency band based on the captured images of the received laser beam.

7 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , further comprising a beam splitter configured to:

direct a first portion of the received laser beam towards the wavefront sensor; and

direct a second portion of the received laser beam towards a narrow field-of-view position sensitive detector of the position sensitive detector,

wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the steering device to correct aberrations within the first frequency band based on outputs of the narrow field-of-view position sensitive detector.

8 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the position sensitive detector comprises:

a lens configured to form an image of the received laser beam; and

a wide field-of-view position sensitive detector on an image plane of the lens,

wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the steering device to correct aberrations within the first frequency band based on outputs of the wide field-of-view position sensitive detector.

9 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the wavefront sensor comprises a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.

10 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the steering device includes a gimbal, a tip-tilt mirror, or a slow steering mirror.

11 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , where in the optical head comprises an optical antenna configured to receive and demagnify the received laser beam.

12 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 11 , wherein the optical antenna comprises a Cassegrain telescope.

13 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 1 , wherein the first frequency band, the second frequency band, and the third frequency band are characterized by different spatial and/or temporal frequencies.

14 . A free-space optical communication terminal comprising:

an optical head comprising:

a position sensitive detector configured to measure a position of a received laser beam;

a micro-gimbaled deformable mirror configurable to modify a wavefront of the received laser beam, wherein the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror comprises:

an outer gimbal coupled to a support structure by outer flexures;

an inner gimbal coupled to the outer gimbal by inner flexures;

a deformable mirror coupled to the inner gimbal; and

actuators configured to rotate the outer gimbal and the inner gimbal; and

a wavefront sensor configured to measure a wavefront profile of a portion of the received laser beam;

a steering device configurable to move the optical head; and

one or more controllers configured to:

control, based on the measured position of the received laser beam, the steering device to correct aberrations within a first frequency band;

control, based on the measured wavefront profile of the portion of the received laser beam, the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within a second frequency band, the second frequency band higher than the first frequency band; and

control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within a third frequency band, wherein a maximum frequency of the third frequency band is higher than a maximum frequency of the second frequency band.

15 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 14 , wherein:

the outer gimbal is configured to rotate around a first axis;

the inner gimbal is configured to rotate around a second axis; and

the actuators include linear actuators.

16 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 14 , wherein the deformable mirror includes:

a deformable membrane including a contiguous reflective surface or a two-dimensional (2-D) array of micro-mirrors; and

a two-dimensional (2-D) array of micro-actuators.

17 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 16 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within the third frequency band by cycling through a plurality of modes.

18 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 17 , wherein, for each mode of the plurality of modes, the one or more controllers are configured to set the contiguous reflective surface according to multiple settings of the mode for identifying a best setting for the mode based on a quality of the received laser beam modified by the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror.

19 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of modes includes a plurality of orders of Zernike polynomials, Legendre polynomials, Fourier modes, Lukosz modes, or Walsh-Hadamard modes.

20 . The free-space optical communication terminal of claim 16 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to control the micro-gimbaled deformable mirror to correct aberrations within the third frequency band by, for each micro-mirror of the 2-D array of micro-mirrors, iteratively adjusting a position and/or an orientation of the micro-mirror for identifying a best position and/or orientation for the micro-mirror.