Reduced vapor-toxicity hydrazine composition
The hydrazine-containing composition is a liquid mixture that includes from 5 mol % to 95 mol % of unprotonated hydrazine selected from hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, dimethylhydrazine, ethylhydrazine, and combinations thereof, and from 5 mol % to 90 mol % of at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent selected from acetals, acetyls, alcoxyamines having two or more carbon atoms, aldehydes, amides, amides and particularly carboxamides, aminoalcohols, carbazides, semicarbazides, carbon-containing nitrate salts comprising cations with logarithmic dissociation constants less than 9.2, hydroxyalkyl nitro compounds, hydroxyalkylhydrazines, carbonates, carboxylic acids and anhydrides of carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, ketals, ketones, mono- and poly-alcohols in 31% or greater mass fraction, nitrate esters, nitrosamines, sugars, and combinations thereof. The unprotonated hydrazine has a first vapor pressure and the oxygen-containing solvent has a second vapor pressure that is less than the first vapor pressure.
1 . A hydrazine-containing composition comprising:
a liquid mixture comprising
from 5 mol % to 95 mol % of unprotonated hydrazine selected from a group consisting of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, dimethylhydrazine, ethylhydrazine, and combinations thereof, the unprotonated hydrazine having a first vapor pressure, and
from 5 mol % to 90 mol % of at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent having a second vapor pressure that is less than the first vapor pressure, the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent being selected from a group consisting of acetals, acetyls, alcoxyamines having two or more carbon atoms, aldehydes, amides, aminoalcohols, carbazides, semicarbazides, carbon-containing nitrate salts comprising cations with logarithmic dissociation constants greater than 9.2, hydroxyalkyl nitro compounds, hydroxyalkylhydrazines, carbonates, carboxylic acids and anhydrides of carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, ketals, ketones, mono- and poly-alcohols in 31% or greater mass fraction, nitrate esters, nitrosamines, sugars, and combinations thereof.
2 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is selected from a group consisting of carbohydrazide nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, ethylene dihydrazine nitrate, hydroxyethylhydrazine, hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) hydrazine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) hydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
3 . The composition as recited in claim 2 , wherein the liquid mixture includes up to 98 mol % water.
4 . The composition as recited in claim 3 , where in the liquid mixture includes an oxidizer selected from a group consisting of ammonium nitrate, carbohydrazide nitrate, hydrazinium nitrate, hydroxylammonium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
5 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is selected from a group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate, hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
6 . The composition as recited in claim 5 , wherein the liquid mixture includes up to 98 mol % of water.
7 . The composition as recited in claim 6 , wherein the liquid mixture includes an oxidizer selected from a group consisting of ammonium nitrate, carbohydrazide nitrate, hydrazinium nitrate, hydroxylammonium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
8 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is ethylammonium nitrate.
9 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate.
10 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the liquid mixture includes up to 98 mol % of water.
11 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , where in the liquid mixture includes an oxidizer.
12 . The composition as recited in claim 11 , wherein the oxidizer is selected from a group consisting of ammonium nitrate, carbohydrazide nitrate, hydrazinium nitrate, hydroxylammonium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
13 . The composition as recited in claim 11 , wherein the oxidizer is hydrazinium nitrate.
14 . The composition as recited in claim 11 , wherein the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is selected from a group consisting of carbohydrazide nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, ethylene dihydrazine nitrate, hydroxyethylhydrazine, hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) hydrazine, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) hydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
15 . The composition as recited in claim 14 , wherein the liquid mixture includes up to 98% of water.
16 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the liquid mixture has a density of 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter to 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter.
17 . The composition as recited in claim 1 , wherein the second vapor pressure is less than the first vapor pressure by at least 50%.
18 . A hydrazine-containing composition comprising:
a liquid mixture comprising
water,
an oxidizer selected from the group consisting of ammonium dinitramide, ammonium nitrate, carbohydrazide nitrate, hydrazinium nitrate, hydroxylammonium nitrate, and combinations thereof,
unprotonated hydrazine selected from a group consisting of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine, dimethylhydrazine, ethylhydrazine, and combinations thereof, and
at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent selected from a group consisting of carbohydrazide nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, ethylene dihydrazine nitrate, hydroxyethylhydrazine, hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
19 . The composition as recited in claim 18 , wherein the liquid mixture includes:
20 mol % to 80 mol % of the unprotonated hydrazine,
10 mol % to 80 mol % of the oxygen-containing solute or solvent,
0 mol % to 20 mol % of the oxidizer, and
0 mol % to 20 mol % of the water.
20 . The composition as recited in claim 19 , wherein the oxidizer is hydrazinium nitrate, and the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent is selected a group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate and hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
21 . A hydrazine-containing composition comprising:
a liquid mixture comprising
from 5 mol % to 95 mol % of hydrazine having a first vapor pressure, and
from 5 mol % to 90 mol % of at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent having a second vapor pressure that is less than the first vapor pressure, the at least one oxygen-containing solute or solvent being selected from a group consisting of hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, hydrazinium nitrate, and combinations thereof.
22 . The composition as recited in claim 21 , wherein the liquid mixture comprises 35.7 mol % to 70 mol % of the hydrazine, 16 mol % to 30 mol % of the hydroxyethylhydrazinium nitrate, and a non-zero amount to 20 mol % of the hydrazinium nitrate.