Vapor compression cycle with direct pumped two-phase cooling
Thermal management systems include a vapor cycle and a liquid cycle sharing a common working fluid. The vapor cycle includes, along a vapor cycle flow path, a compressor and a condenser. The liquid cycle includes, along a liquid cycle flow path, a fluid driver, a load, a regulator valve, and a phase change material heat exchanger. A cold sink is thermally coupled to a heat load. A separator is configured to separate liquid and vapor portions of the working fluid and direct the liquid into the liquid cycle and the vapor into the vapor cycle. The separator is part of both the vapor cycle and the liquid cycle. The regulator valve controls a temperature of the working fluid within the liquid cycle at a location upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger to control a mode of operation of the phase change material heat exchanger.
1 . A thermal management system comprising:
a vapor cycle and a liquid cycle sharing a common working fluid, wherein the vapor cycle comprises, along a vapor cycle flow path, a compressor and a condenser, and wherein the liquid cycle comprises, along a liquid cycle flow path, a fluid driver, a load, a regulator valve, and a phase change material heat exchanger;
a cold sink thermally coupled to a heat load; and
a separator configured to separate a liquid portion and a vapor portion of the working fluid and direct the liquid portion into the liquid cycle and the vapor portion into the vapor cycle, wherein the separator is part of both the vapor cycle and the liquid cycle,
wherein the regulator valve is configured to control a temperature of the working fluid within the liquid cycle at least at a location upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger to control a mode of operation of the phase change material heat exchanger between a discharging mode of operation and a recharging mode of operation,
wherein, in the discharging mode of operation, the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger is higher than a melting point of a phase change material of the phase change material heat exchanger, and
wherein, in the recharging mode of operation, the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger is less than a melting point of a phase change material of the phase change material heat exchanger.
2 . The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the regulator valve is actively controlled to adjust a pressure drop across the regulator valve to adjust the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger.
3 . The thermal management system of claim 2 , further comprising:
at least one temperature sensor arranged on the liquid cycle to measure a temperature of the working fluid; and
a controller operably connected to the regulator valve and configured to receive temperature information from the at least one temperature sensor.
4 . The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the regulator valve is passively controlled in response to a temperature of the working fluid passing through the regulator valve.
5 . The thermal management system of claim 1 , further comprising a recuperator arranged on the liquid cycle at a position upstream from the load to receive a first pass of the working fluid and at a position downstream from the load to receive a second pass of the working fluid to cause a thermal exchange between a heated portion of the working fluid downstream from the load and a relatively colder portion of the working fluid upstream from the load.
6 . The thermal management system of claim 5 , wherein the heated portion of the working fluid passes from the recuperator to the regulator valve.
7 . The thermal management system of claim 1 , wherein the load is an onboard aircraft load.
8 . The thermal management system of claim 7 , wherein the load is a high energy laser.
9 . A method of operating a thermal management system, the thermal management system comprising a vapor cycle and a liquid cycle sharing a common working fluid, wherein the vapor cycle comprises, along a vapor cycle flow path, a compressor and a condenser, and wherein the liquid cycle comprises, along a liquid cycle flow path, a fluid driver, a load, a regulator valve, and a phase change material heat exchanger, a cold sink thermally coupled to a heat load, and a separator configured to separate a liquid portion and a vapor portion of the working fluid and direct the liquid portion into the liquid cycle and the vapor portion into the vapor cycle, wherein the separator is part of both the vapor cycle and the liquid cycle, the method comprising:
controlling a temperature of the working fluid within the liquid cycle at least at a location upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger using the regulator valve to control a mode of operation of the phase change material heat exchanger between a discharging mode of operation and a recharging mode of operation,
wherein, in the discharging mode of operation, the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger is higher than a melting point of a phase change material of the phase change material heat exchanger, and
wherein, in the recharging mode of operation, the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger is less than a melting point of a phase change material of the phase change material heat exchanger.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the regulator valve is actively controlled to adjust a pressure drop across the regulator valve to adjust the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the phase change material heat exchanger.
11 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
measuring a temperature of the working fluid with at least one temperature sensor arranged on the liquid cycle; and
using a controller operably connected to the regulator valve to receive temperature information from the at least one temperature sensor and adjust the regulator valve in response to the measured temperature.
12 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the regulator valve is passively controlled in response to a temperature of the working fluid passing through the regulator valve.
13 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising a recuperator arranged on the liquid cycle at a position upstream from the load to receive a first pass of the working fluid and at a position downstream from the load to receive a second pass of the working fluid to cause a thermal exchange between a heated portion of the working fluid downstream from the load and a relatively colder portion of the working fluid upstream from the load.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the heated portion of the working fluid passes from the recuperator to the regulator valve.
15 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the load is an onboard aircraft load.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the load is a high energy laser.