Systems and methods for ADS-B validation using vehicles
A method of validating ADS-B is described herein. The method includes receiving, from time synchronized vehicles, ADS-B data (identifier, horizontal position information, and altitude information for a first vehicle) with a timestamp (defining a time of reception of the ADS-B message). The method includes receiving, from each vehicle, a determined position at the time of reception of the ADS-B message. The method includes determining differences in time of arrival for the ADS-B message to each vehicle, extracting altitude information from the ADS-B data, and determining an estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle based on the differences in time of arrival, the determined positions received from each vehicle, and the extracted altitude information. The method includes determining whether the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message is valid based on a comparison of the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle and the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message.
1 . A system, comprising:
multiple vehicles that are time synchronized, wherein each respective vehicle of the multiple vehicles is configured to:
receive an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) message from a first vehicle of the multiple vehicles;
generate respective timestamped ADS-B data from the ADS-B message received from the first vehicle, wherein the respective timestamped ADS-B data includes a timestamp that indicates a time of reception of the ADS-B message at the respective vehicle, an identifier of the first vehicle, horizontal position information of the first vehicle, and altitude information of the first vehicle;
determine a position of the respective vehicle at the time of reception of the ADS-B message at the respective vehicle; and
transmit the timestamped ADS-B data and the determined position of the respective vehicle via a datalink connection to a second vehicle or a ground station;
wherein the second vehicle or the ground station is configured to:
receive, from each of the multiple vehicles, the timestamped ADS-B data and the determined position of the respective vehicle;
determine differences in the timestamps for the timestamped ADS-B data from the multiple vehicles;
extract the altitude information from the timestamped ADS-B data;
determine an estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle based on the differences in timestamps for the timestamped ADS-B data from the multiple vehicles, the determined positions for the multiple vehicles, and the extracted altitude information; and
determine whether the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle is valid based on a comparison of the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle and the horizontal position information of the first vehicle in the ADS-B message.
2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein each respective vehicle of the multiple vehicles is configured to transmit the timestamped ADS-B data and the determined position to the second vehicle.
3 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the ground station is configured to provide control signals to the multiple vehicles over the datalink connection, wherein the control signals provide instructions for navigation for the multiple vehicles.
4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the ground station is also configured to:
receive the ADS-B message from the first vehicle;
timestamp the ADS-B message with a timestamp to generate additional timestamped ADS-B data, wherein the timestamp indicates a time of reception of the ADS-B message at the ground station; and
determine a position of the ground station at the time of reception of the ADS-B message; and
wherein the ground station is configured to determine the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle further based on the additional timestamped ADS-B data and the position of the ground station.
5 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the second vehicle or ground station is further configured to provide an indication of trust of the first vehicle to the multiple vehicles based on the determination of whether the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle is valid.
6 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the multiple vehicles are time synchronized by disciplining internal clocks of the multiple vehicles based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals.
7 . The system of claim 1 , wherein the multiple vehicles are time synchronized by disciplining internal clocks of the multiple vehicles based on cellular communication network signals.
8 . A method of validating Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), comprising:
receiving, from multiple vehicles that are time synchronized, ADS-B data with a timestamp, wherein the ADS-B data includes an identifier of a first vehicle that sent an ADS-B message, horizontal position information in the ADS-B message, and altitude information in the ADS-B message, wherein the timestamp defines a time of reception of the ADS-B message from the first vehicle by each respective vehicle of the multiple vehicles;
receiving, from each of the multiple vehicles, a determined position of the respective vehicle at the time of reception of the ADS-B message from the first vehicle;
determining differences in time of arrival for the ADS-B message from the first vehicle to each of the multiple vehicles;
extracting the altitude information from the ADS-B data;
determining an estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle based on the differences in time of arrival, the determined positions received from each of the multiple vehicles, and the extracted altitude information; and
determining whether the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle is valid based on a comparison of the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle and the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the multiple vehicles are time synchronized using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals.
10 . The method of claim 8 , further comprising comparing a difference between the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle and horizontal position information provided in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle to a threshold based on integrity and/or accuracy information in the ADS-B message.
11 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the method is repeated over time to determine whether ADS-B messages from the first vehicle can be used for detect-and-avoid systems or self-separation systems of the multiple vehicles.
12 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the method is performed at a ground station.
13 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the method is performed onboard one of the multiple vehicles.
14 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the multiple vehicles include at least three vehicles, wherein determining the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle includes using triangulation.
15 . The method of claim 8 , further comprising providing validation information to the multiple vehicles or a third-party based on determining whether the ADS-B data from the first vehicle is valid in response to determining whether the horizontal position information in the ADS-B message from the first vehicle is valid.
16 . A ground station, comprising:
one or more receivers configured to receive respective timestamped ADS-B data and respective position information from multiple vehicles, wherein the respective timestamped ADS-B data from each respective vehicle includes a respective timestamp indicating a time when the respective vehicle received an ADS-B message from a first vehicle, wherein the respective position information from each respective vehicle includes a position of the respective vehicle at the time when the respective vehicle received the ADS-B message from the first vehicle; and
one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more receivers and a memory, wherein the one or more processors are configured to:
determine differences in the respective timestamps for the respective timestamped ADS-B data from the multiple vehicles;
extract altitude information from the timestamped ADS-B data;
determine an estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle based on the differences in the respective timestamps for the respective timestamped ADS-B data from the multiple vehicles, the respective positions for the multiple vehicles, and the extracted altitude information; and
determine whether horizontal position information in the timestamped ADS-B data is valid based on a comparison of the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle and the horizontal position information in the timestamped ADS-B data.
17 . The ground station of claim 16 , further comprising an ADS-B In receiver configured to receive the ADS-B message from the first vehicle;
wherein the one or more processors are further configured to generate additional timestamped ADS-B data from the ADS-B message received from the first vehicle, wherein the additional timestamped ADS-B data includes an additional timestamp that indicates a time of reception of the ADS-B message at the ground station; and
wherein determining the estimated horizontal position of the first vehicle is further based on differences in the respective timestamps and the additional timestamp and a known position of the ground station.
18 . The ground station of claim 16 , further comprising one or more transmitters configured to transmit navigation control signals to the multiple vehicles.
19 . The ground station of claim 16 , further comprising one or more transmitters configured to transmit validation information about the first vehicle to the multiple vehicles in response to determining whether horizontal position information in the timestamped ADS-B data is valid.
20 . The ground station of claim 16 , wherein the ground station is configured to provide validation information about the first vehicle to a third-party that is separate and distinct from the multiple vehicles in response to determining whether horizontal position information in the timestamped ADS-B data is valid.