Electrolyte additives for batteries
Provided herein are aqueous electrolyte compositions including an additive, wherein the additive is an aromatic dye including an electron withdrawing substituent and an electron donating substituent.
1 . An iron battery, comprising:
an aqueous electrolyte that comprises an additive present at 10 parts per million (ppm) to less than 50% weight percent (w/w) of the aqueous electrolyte,
wherein the additive is according to Formula XI:
wherein Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently selected from phenyl or naphthyl, and independently optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 1-6 alkyl, NO, NO 2 , N 2 + , N(R 20 ) 2 , OR 45 , CO 2 R 45 , SO 2 R 55 , or SO 3 R 30 , or combinations thereof;
wherein R 20 is independently H, C 1-6 alkyl, C(O)R 60 , wherein R 60 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, or C 1-6 alkoxy;
wherein R 45 is absent, H, C 1-6 alkyl, or combinations thereof;
wherein R 55 is H, O − , OH, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, C 5-8 aryl, C 5-8 heteroaryl, or combinations thereof;
wherein R 30 is absent or H;
wherein the iron battery is an iron-air, iron-chloride, iron-chromium, iron-zinc, or iron-sodium.
2 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein at least one or both of Ar 1 and Ar 2 are substituted with at least one SO 3 R 30 .
3 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is according to one of the following structures:
wherein X + is Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Fe 3+ , H + , or combinations thereof.
4 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm to 5% w/w.
5 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm to 4% w/w.
6 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm to 3% w/w.
7 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm to 2% w/w.
8 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm to 100 ppm.
9 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 50 ppm to 5% w/w.
10 . The iron battery of claim 1 , wherein the additive is present at a concentration of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 0.1 wt %, 0.5 wt %, 1% w/w, 4% w/w, 5% w/w, or 10% w/w.