Three-dimensional printing systems and methods of their use
The present disclosure describes three-dimensional (3D) printing apparatuses, processes, software, and systems for producing high quality 3D objects. Described herein are printing apparatuses features that facilitate control of debris within an enclosure where one or more printing operations are performed.
1 . An apparatus for three-dimensional (3D) printing a 3D object, the apparatus comprising:
one or more controllers configured to:
(i) couple to a power source;
(ii) operationally coupled with the elevator, the layer forming device, the one or more galvanometer scanners, and the couple with a gas flow system of a 3D printer; and
(iii) the gas flow system to provide flow of gas such that during the printing (A) the flow of the gas is across at least a portion of a processing cone region of an energy beam, the processing cone being in a processing chamber in which the 3D object is printed from a powder bed using the energy beam, and (B) the flow of the gas (I) is maintained at a debris concentration of from about one milligrams per cubic meter to about a thousand milligrams per cubic meter (a) in the processing cone region and (b) at least about 20 millimeters above a surface of the powder bed, (II) maintains a debris concentration for debris particles having a fundamental length scale of at least about 0.5 micrometers at a concentration of about 0.5 particles per cubic centimeter to about 1 , 000 particles per cubic centimeter, (III) a number of debris particles having the fundamental length scale of at least about 0.5 micrometers encountered by the energy beam is from about 10 to about 10,000,
wherein the 3D printing results in the 3D object comprising elemental metal or metal alloy, the 3D object having a porosity of at most about one percent ( 1 %) by volume.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein during the printing, the one or more controllers are configured to direct the gas flow system to facilitate movement of the debris at least in the processing cone region; optionally wherein the movement of the debris corresponds to a turbulent movement at least in the processing cone region; and optionally wherein the turbulent movement comprising a cyclic movement.
3 . The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to direct the gas flow system to facilitate the turbulent movement comprising a backflow or a standing vortex.
4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein an internal shape of the processing chamber is configured to facilitate movement of the debris.
5 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a wall of the processing chamber is configured to facilitate movement of the debris.
6 . The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the wall of the processing chamber is a side wall.
7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to direct the gas flow such that it has a peak horizontal velocity height that varies along a lateral length of the powder bed and/or a platform supporting the 3D object during the printing.
8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the debris concentration within the at least the portion of the processing cone region varies during the printing.
9 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the debris within the processing chamber is formed during transformation of at least the portion of the powder bed to a transformed material as part of the 3D object.
10 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the debris concentration is present at a height of at least about 30 millimeters above the surface of the powder bed.
11 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the debris concentration is present at a height of at least about 50 millimeters above the surface of the powder bed.
12 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the gas flow system is configured to provide at least a portion of the flow of the gas in a direction that is substantially parallel to the surface of the powder bed and/or to a platform configured to support the 3D object during the 3D printing; and optionally wherein the flow of gas has a peak horizontal velocity ranging from about 0.2 to about 2 meters per second (m/s).
13 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the flow of gas has a peak horizontal velocity within a height of about 15 and about 100 millimeters (mm) above the surface of the powder bed and/or above a platform configured to support the 3D object during the 3D printing.
14 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the energy beam is configured to generate a laser beam having a power density ranging from about 100 Kilo Watts per centimeter squared (kW/cm 2 ) to about 30,000 kW/cm, as measured at the surface of the powder bed.
15 . The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising an optical system configured to modify at least one characteristic of the energy beam, wherein the optical system is configured to generate a focused or a defocused energy beam at the surface of the powder bed.
16 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein during the printing, the gas flow system is configured change a velocity of the flow of gas within the processing chamber during the 3D printing.
17 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the debris particles comprise at least about 10% metal oxide measured as volume per volume.
18 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein during the 3D printing, the one or more controllers are configured to operatively coupled to the energy beam and direct the energy beam to transform least about cubic centimeter per hour (cm 3 /hr) of the molten material per laser.
19 . A method of 3D printing, the method comprising: (a) providing the apparatus of claim 1 , and (b) using the apparatus to print the 3D object.
20 . Non-transitory computer readable program instructions that, when read by one or more processors operatively coupled to the energy beam, cause the one or more processors to execute one or more operations comprising operation (c) of claim 1 , the program instructions being inscribed on at least one non-transitory computer readable medium.