Methods for extracting and encapsulating phenolics from food waste, related compositions, and related articles
The disclosed articles, apparatus, methods, and compositions provide for the integration of different and environmentally-friendly processes for extraction, stabilization, and formulation of active compounds with health and/or other benefits from lignocellulosic by-products of food processes. The active compounds can include one or more of polyphenols, flavonoids, o-diphenols, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. A high-pressure, high-temperature extraction process provides a means to recover a substantial portion of the active compounds from a biomass feedstock. The corresponding extract can be encapsulated, which provides a convenient form for stabilization and delivery of the active compounds into a final product, for example an active packaging material or corresponding actively packaged food item.
1 . A cherry pit liquid extract comprising:
a liquid medium comprising water in an amount of at least 10 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium; and
a plurality of active compounds dissolved in the liquid medium and being characteristic of a cherry pit powder, the plurality of active compounds being selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, flavonoids, o-diphenols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and combinations thereof:
wherein the cherry pit liquid extract has a ratio TPP:TF of (I) total polyphenolic (TPP) content relative to (II) total flavonoid (TF) content in a range of 0.2-8:0.2-8 (w/w).
2 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein:
the liquid medium further comprises a water-miscible organic solvent;
the water is present in the liquid medium in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 90 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium; and
the water-miscible organic solvent is present in the liquid medium in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 90 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium.
3 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 2 , wherein the water-miscible organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, and combinations thereof.
4 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 2 , wherein the water-miscible organic solvent comprises ethanol.
5 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein:
the liquid medium is free from water-miscible organic solvents; and
the water is present in the liquid medium in an amount of at least 70 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium.
6 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the cherry pit liquid extract has an antiradical power (ARP) in a range of 2.4 g/L to 8.6 g/L.
7 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the TPP:TF ratio is in a range of 0.5-3:0.2-1 (w/w).
8 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the TPP:TF ratio is in a range of 0.5-1:0.2-0.5 (w/w).
9 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the TPP:TF ratio is in a range of 2.1-3.8:1 (w/w).
10 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active compounds comprises p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, and naringenin.
11 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active compounds comprises p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and catechin.
12 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active compounds comprises p-coumaric acid, esters thereof, caffeic acid, esters thereof, apigenin, and naringenin.
13 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active compounds comprises p-coumaric acid, esters thereof, caffeic acid, esters thereof, apigenin, naringenin, quercetin, and catechin.
14 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the cherry pit powder has a size less than 420 μm.
15 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of active compounds dissolved in the liquid medium is the result of subjecting a feed slurry comprising the liquid medium and cherry pit powder dispersed therein to a temperature above 100° C. at a pressure sufficiently high to prevent boiling of the liquid medium for a time sufficient to extract the plurality of active compounds from the cherry pit powder and into the liquid medium.
16 . A cherry pit liquid extract comprising:
a liquid medium comprising water in an amount of at least 10 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium; and
a plurality of active compounds dissolved in the liquid medium and being characteristic of a cherry pit powder, the plurality of active compounds being selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, flavonoids, o-diphenols, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and combinations thereof;
wherein the cherry pit liquid extract has an antiradical power (ARP) in a range of 2.4 g/L to 8.6 g/L.
17 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 16 , wherein:
the liquid medium further comprises a water-miscible organic solvent;
the water is present in the liquid medium in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 90 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium; and
the water-miscible organic solvent is present in the liquid medium in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 90 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium.
18 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 17 , wherein the water-miscible organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, and combinations thereof.
19 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 16 , wherein:
the liquid medium is free from water-miscible organic solvents; and
the water is present in the liquid medium in an amount of at least 70 wt. % relative to total liquid content of the liquid medium.
20 . The cherry pit liquid extract of claim 16 , wherein the plurality of active compounds comprises p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, and naringenin.