Encapsulation of palette flakes with nanostructured copper oxide as LiDAR reflective black pigments
An encapsulated palette flake includes a palette flake having a first surface and a second surface, and a layer on at least one of the first surface and the second surface. A blackness My of the encapsulated palette flake is greater than or equal to 110 and less than or equal to 140. A reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in a visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that is less than or equal to 10.0%. A reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in a near-IR and LiDAR spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that is between 10% and 90%. A method for forming an encapsulated palette flake includes combining a base solution comprising palette flakes and a precipitating agent with a solution comprising a copper source, drying the precipitate, and calcining the dried precipitate. The precipitating agent is selected from sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or ammonium carbonate.
1 . An encapsulated palette flake comprising:
a palette flake having a first surface and a second surface; and
a layer on at least one of the first surface and the second surface, wherein
a blackness My of the encapsulated palette flake is greater than or equal to 110 and less than or equal to 140,
a reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in a visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is less than or equal to 10.0%, and
a reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in a near-IR and LiDAR spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is between 10% and 90%.
2 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulated palette flake has a reflectivity of electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum that is less than or equal to 5%.
3 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein the encapsulated palette flake has a reflectivity for electromagnetic radiation in the near-IR and LiDAR spectrum that is between 60% and 90%.
4 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein the layer on at least one of the first surface and the second surface is copper oxide.
5 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein the palette flake is selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 coated glass, SiO 2 coated glass, and mica.
6 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein the blackness My of the encapsulated palette flake is greater than or equal to 125 and less than or equal to 140.
7 . The encapsulated palette flake of claim 1 , wherein
the palette flake is selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 coated glass, SiO 2 coated glass, and mica,
a copper oxide layer is present on both the first surface and the second surface of the palette flake,
the blackness My of the encapsulated palette flake is greater than or equal to 125 and less than or equal to 140,
the reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is less than or equal to 5.0%, and
the reflectivity of the encapsulated palette flake in the near-IR and LiDAR spectrum of electromagnetic radiation is between 60% and 90%.
8 . A paint comprising:
a paint binder;
a plurality of encapsulated palette flakes according to claim 1 , wherein
the paint has a color with a lightness in CIELAB color space less than or equal to 40.
9 . A vehicle comprising a body panel coated in the paint of claim 8 .
10 . A method for forming the encapsulated palette flake according to claim 1 comprising:
combining a base solution comprising palette flakes and a precipitating agent with a solution comprising a copper source to form a precipitate;
drying the precipitate, thereby obtaining dried precipitate; and
calcining the dried precipitate to form encapsulated palette flakes, wherein
the precipitating agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and ammonium carbonate.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the precipitating agent is sodium carbonate.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the copper source is selected from the group consisting of copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, and copper acetate.
13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the copper source is copper nitrate.
14 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
forming a palette flake solution;
forming an initial base solution; and
combining the palette flake solution and the initial base solution to yield the base solution comprising the palette flakes.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the palette flake solution comprises palette flakes at a concentration that is greater than or equal to 50 grams per liter (g/l) and less than or equal to 150 g/l.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the base solution comprises the precipitating agent at a concentration that is greater than or equal to 50 g/l and less than or equal to 100 g/l.
17 . The method of claim 13 , wherein a concentration of the copper nitrate in the solution comprising a copper source is greater than or equal to 100 g/l and less than or equal to 200 g/l.
18 . The method of claim 10 , wherein drying the precipitate comprises drying at a temperature greater than or equal to 100° C. and less than or equal to 150° C. for a duration greater than or equal to 2 hours.
19 . The method of claim 10 , wherein calcining the dried precipitate comprises calcining at a temperature greater than or equal to 200° C. and less than or equal to 500° C.
20 . The method of claim 10 , wherein calcining the dried precipitate comprises calcining at a temperature greater than or equal to 300° C. and less than or equal to 450° C.