Fluorescent biosensor for acetyl coenzyme A
Disclosed herein are a polypeptide biosensor and compositions comprising the polypeptide biosensor that detects acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The polypeptide comprises an acetyl-CoA binding protein and a fluorescent protein. Further described herein are methods of using the biosensor to detect acetyl-CoA and expression vectors comprising the biosensor.
1 . A recombinant acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) biosensor polypeptide comprising:
an acetyl-CoA binding protein having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the acetyl-CoA binding protein is divided into:
a first acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment comprising an N-terminal portion of the acetyl-CoA binding protein; and
a second acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment comprising a C-terminal portion of the acetyl-CoA binding protein;
wherein the first and second acetyl-CoA binding protein fragments collectively include all of the amino acids of the acetyl-CoA binding protein; and
a fluorescent protein inserted between the first and second acetyl-CoA binding protein fragments and attached to a C-terminus of the first acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment and an N-terminus of the second acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment; and
wherein:
(i) the C-terminus is an arginine at position 69 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Arg69) and the N-terminus is a glutamic acid at position 70 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Glu70);
(ii) the C-terminus is a tryptophan at position 23 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Trp23) and the N-terminus is a proline at position 24 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Pro24);
(iii) the C-terminus is a valine at position 71 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Val71) and the N-terminus is a threonine at position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Thr72);
(iv) the C-terminus is an aspartic acid at position 99 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Asp99) and the N-terminus is an alanine at position 100 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Ala100);
(v) the C-terminus is an aspartic acid at 104 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Asp104) and the N-terminus is an arginine at position 105 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Arg105); or
(vi) the C-terminus is a glycine at position 116 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Gly116) and the N-terminus is a phenylalanine at position 117 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (Phe117); and
wherein the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide selectively binds acetyl-CoA, and the binding of acetyl-CoA induces a change in the fluorescence of the fluorescent protein.
2 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the fluorescent protein is a circularly permuted GFP (cpGFP), a circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (cpYFP), or a circularly permuted blue fluorescent protein (cpBFP).
3 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 2 , wherein the cpGFP comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the cpYFP comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and the cpBFP comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
4 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the acetyl-CoA binding protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.
5 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the acetyl-CoA binding protein comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
6 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein:
the fluorescent protein is either directly attached to the C-terminus of the first acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment or is attached by a first amino acid linker that is from 1 to 3 amino acids in length; and
the fluorescent protein is either directly attached to the N-terminus of the second acetyl-CoA binding protein fragment or is attached by a second linker that is from 1 to 3 amino acids in length.
7 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 6 , wherein the first and second amino acid linkers are each independently selected from the group consisting of a Gly, Gly-Ala, Ala-Ser, and Gly-Ala-Ser.
8 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 6 , wherein:
(i) the first linker is Gly-Ala and the second linker is Gly-Ala;
(ii) the first linker is Ala-Ser and the second linker is Ala-Ser;
(iii) the first linker is Gly-Ala-Ser and the second linker is Gly;
(iv) the C-terminus and N-terminus are directly attached to the fluorescent protein;
(v) the C-terminus is directly attached to the fluorescent protein and the second linker is Gly-Ala-Ser;
(vi) the first linker is Gly-Ala-Ser and the N-terminus is directly attached to the fluorescent protein;
(vii) the first linker is Gly-Ala and the N-terminus is directly attached to the fluorescent protein; or
(viii) the first linker is Gly and the second linker is Gly-Ala-Ser.
9 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , further comprising one or more of a histidine tag, a TEV cleavage site, a tag having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89, a human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tag, a nuclear export signal, a nuclear localization signal, a cytoplasmic localization signal, and a mitochondrial localization signal at the N-terminal portion of the acetyl-CoA binding protein.
10 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein:
(i) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5;
(ii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6;
(iii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7;
(iv) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8;
(v) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9;
(vi) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10;
(vii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;
(viii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12;
(ix) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13;
(x) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14;
(xi) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15;
(xii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16;
(xiii) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17;
(xiv) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18; or
(xv) the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
11 . The recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 10 , wherein the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide comprises the amino acid of SEQ ID NO: 5.
12 . An expression vector comprising:
a nucleic acid that encodes the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 ; and
a promoter operably linked to the nucleic acid.
13 . The expression vector of claim 12 , wherein the expression vector is a lentiviral vector, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, or a cytomegalovirus (CMV) vector.
14 . A method of detecting acetyl-CoA in a sample comprising:
contacting the sample with the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 ;
exciting the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide in the sample at an excitation wavelength;
measuring a fluorescence intensity of the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide in the sample at an emission wavelength; and
comparing the fluorescence intensity to a standard curve, wherein the fluorescence intensity correlates with a concentration of acetyl-CoA in the sample.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the excitation wavelength is from about 460 nm to about 490 nm.
16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the excitation wavelength is 485 nm.
17 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the emission wavelength is from about 513 nm to about 540 nm.
18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the emission wavelength is 514 nm.
19 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the pH of the sample is maintained at a pH of 6.5-8.0.
20 . A method of monitoring acetyl-CoA activity in a cell, comprising:
providing a cell with the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide of claim 1 ;
exciting the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide in the cell at a first excitation wavelength between about 400 nm and about 430 nm while measuring a first fluorescence intensity at an emission wavelength between about 513 nm and about 540 nm;
exciting the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide in the cell at a second excitation wavelength between about 460 nm and about 490 nm while measuring a second fluorescence intensity at the emission wavelength; and
normalizing the second fluorescence intensity based on the first fluorescence intensity.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein normalizing comprises dividing the second fluorescence intensity by the first fluorescence intensity.
22 . The method of claim 20 , further comprising treating the cell with an acetyl-CoA precursor or nutrient affecting the function of the cell and comparing the normalized fluorescence intensity of the cell to the normalized fluorescence intensity of a control cell.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein one or more of a nuclear export signal, a nuclear localization signal, a cytoplasmic localization signal, and a mitochondrial localization signal is attached to an N-terminus of the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide.
24 . The method of claim 23 , further comprising determining where acetyl-CoA is localized in the cell.
25 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the first excitation wavelength is 405 nm.
26 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the second excitation wavelength is 485 nm.
27 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the emission wavelength is 514 nm.
28 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the providing step comprises transforming the cell with a plasmid comprising a polynucleotide that encodes the recombinant acetyl-CoA biosensor polypeptide.