Electrophoretic media comprising electrophoretic particles and a combination of charge control agents
An electrophoretic medium is disclosed comprising four types of particles. The first type of particles has a first charge polarity. The second and third types of particles have a second charge polarity that is opposite to the first charge polarity. The electrophoretic medium further comprises, a first charge control agent, and a second charge control agent, the molecular structure of the first charge control agent including a quaternary ammonium group and a non-polar tail and the molecular structure of the second charge control agent including two or more polar groups, and a non-polar tail.
1 . An electrophoretic medium comprising:
a non-polar fluid;
a first type of particles comprising a first type of pigment, the first type of pigment being inorganic and having a first color, the first type of particles having a first charge polarity;
a second type of particles comprising a second type of pigment, the second type of pigment having a second color, the second color being different from the first color, the second type of particles having a second charge polarity, the second charge polarity being the opposite of the first charge polarity;
a third type of particles comprising a third type of pigment having a third color, the third color being different from the first and second colors, the third type of particles having the second charge polarity; and
a fourth type of particles comprising a fourth type of pigment having a fourth color, the fourth color being different from the first, second, and third colors, the fourth type of particles having the first charge polarity or the second charge polarity;
a first charge control agent having a molecular structure, the molecular structure of the first charge control agent including at least one quaternary ammonium group and a non-polar tail;
a second charge control agent having a molecular structure, the molecular structure of the second charge control agent including two or more polar groups, and a non-polar tail, the two or more polar groups being selected from the group consisting of amino group, sulfonate group, sulfate group, sulfinate group, carboxylic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphinate group, phosphate group, hydroxyl group, thiol group, alpha diketone group, beta diketone group, ethylene oxide group, and propylene oxide group, the non-polar tail comprising a polymeric group, the polymeric group being formed by a monomer comprising an alkyl or alkenyl group having at least ten carbon atoms, and
a water-soluble ether, the water-soluble ether having molecular weight from 75 to 5,000 Dalton.
2 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the molecular structure of the monomer that is used to form the polymeric group of the non-polar tail of the second charge control agent includes a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid anhydride, or a carboxylic acid halide, wherein the carboxyl acid and the carboxylic acid halide comprises from 10 to 22 carbon atoms, and wherein the carboxylic acid anhydride comprises from 20 to 44 carbon atoms.
3 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 2 , wherein the molecular structure of the monomer that forms the polymeric tail of the second charge control agent further comprises a hydroxyl group or an amine group.
4 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the monomer that is used to form the polymeric tail of the second charge control agent is selected from the group consisting of ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, acid halide of ricinoleic acid, acid halide of linoleic acid, acid halide of linolenic acid, ricinoleic acid anhydride, linoleic acid anhydride, oleic acid anhydride, and linolenic acid anhydride.
5 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the molecular structure of the second charge control agent includes a comb polymer having alkyl or alkenyl branches and two terminal polar functional groups.
6 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first, second, third, and fourth type of particles have a layer of polymer, the polymer being complexed, adsorbed, or covalently bonded to the first, second, third, and fourth types of pigments.
7 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 6 , wherein the second and fourth types of particles comprise a polymer formed by methyl methacrylate and a monomer comprising dimethylsiloxane.
8 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 6 , wherein the third type of particles is formed by a treatment of pigment particles (a) with methyl methacrylate and a monomer comprising dimethylsiloxane or (b) with vinyl benzyl chloride and an acrylate or methacrylate monomer.
9 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the polarities of the second, third, and fourth types of particles are all positive, wherein the second type of particles has a second zeta potential, wherein the third type of particles has a third zeta potential, wherein the fourth type of particles has a fourth zeta potential, and wherein the fourth zeta potential is smaller than the third zeta potential.
10 . The electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , wherein the first color is white, the second color is cyan, the third color is magenta, and the fourth color is yellow.
11 . A color electrophoretic display comprising:
a first light-transmissive first electrode layer at a viewing surface;
a second electrode layer including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes; and
an electro-optic material layer comprising the electrophoretic medium of claim 1 , the electro-optic material layer being disposed between the first light-transmissive electrode layer and the second electrode layer.