Optimized quantum transduction
Improved quantum transducers based on ensembles of quantum emitters are provided. This work improves the efficiencies of such transducers by compensating for the detrimental effects of inhomogeneous broadening of transition frequencies in such systems. This approach is built upon the insight that the temporal shape of the drive supplying the energy required for transduction can be experimentally tuned. Hence, it is an additional degree of freedom for designing efficient transducers. We pose the design of the drive as a scattering theory optimization problem, where the transduction efficiency is the quantity being maximized, and employ numerical optimization techniques to solve it.
1 . A method of making a quantum transducer, the method comprising:
preparing an ensemble of two or more quantum systems, wherein resonance frequencies of the two or more quantum systems differ according to an inhomogeneous broadening of the ensemble;
pumping the ensemble with pump radiation such that a resulting pumped ensemble coherently couples a first electromagnetic mode to a second electromagnetic mode to provide a coherent quantum transducer of the first and second electromagnetic modes; and
selecting a time dependence of the pump radiation according to a numerical maximization of steady state transduction efficiency having characteristics of the inhomogeneous broadening of the ensemble as an input;
wherein a free space wavelength of the first electromagnetic mode is in a range from 1 mm to 1 m, and wherein a free space wavelength of the second electromagnetic mode is in a range from 100 nm to 1 mm, whereby the first electromagnetic mode is a microwave mode and the second electromagnetic mode is an optical mode.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristics of the inhomogeneous broadening of the ensemble include resonant frequencies of each of the quantum systems.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristics of the inhomogeneous broadening of the ensemble include a probability density function of resonant frequencies of the quantum systems.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the quantum systems include one or more quantum systems selected from the group consisting of: color centers and rare earth ion dopants.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the numerical maximization of steady state transduction efficiency is performed in a time-dependent scattering theory framework by maximizing time integrated power in an output optical mode for a specified input microwave mode wave-packet by varying amplitudes and phases of frequency components of the pump radiation.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the two or more quantum systems are indexed by an integer i and each quantum system includes a V-configuration of three quantum states having distinct energies
E
g
i
,
E
μ
i
,
E
opt
i
for a first quantum state, a second quantum state and a third quantum state, respectively.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein
E
g
i
<
E
μ
i
and
E
g
i
<
E
opt
i
for each quantum system i, and wherein the pump radiation coherently couples the first quantum state to the second quantum state and coherently couples the first quantum state to the third quantum state for at least one of the quantum systems.