Quantized orthogonal modulation

1 . An apparatus configured for wireless communication, comprising:

at least one transceiver;

at least one memory comprising instructions; and

one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to cause the apparatus to:

receive, via the at least one transceiver and from a network node, a configuration message comprising an indication of: (i) a set of resources including a first resource and a second resource, wherein each resource in the set of resources is mapped to a quantized gradient obtained by quantizing, via a loss function, gradient information based on a local dataset relative to a threshold value, and (ii) a transmission power associated with each resource in the set of resources;

compare the quantized gradient to the threshold value; and

transmit, via the at least one transceiver and to the network node, pseudo-random signaling via one of the first resource at the transmission power associated with the first resource or the second resource at the transmission power associated with the second resource, wherein the pseudo-random signaling is transmitted via the first resource if the quantized gradient satisfies a threshold condition, and wherein the pseudo-random signaling is transmitted via the second resource if the quantized gradient does not satisfy the threshold condition.

2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message further comprises an indication of a quantity of repetitions, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:

transmit between the at least one transceiver and to the network node an indication of the quantized gradient according to the quantity of repetitions specified in the configuration message.

3 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message is received via one of a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium-access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI) message.

4 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message further comprises an indication of a quantization level of the quantized gradient, wherein the quantization level is indicative of resources available, the available resources including the first resource and the second resource.

5 . The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the available resources is a function of the quantization level.

6 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message further comprises an indication of the threshold value.

7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the configuration message further comprises an indication of a beam, wherein the pseudo random signaling is output for transmission via either of the first resource or the second resource.

8 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first resource is a first resource element (RE), wherein the second resource is a second RE, and wherein the first resource is at least one of:

adjacent to the second resource, or

part of a same resource block as the second resource.

9 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the threshold condition is a first threshold condition, wherein a transmission is outputted via one of the first resource, the second resource, or a third resource, and wherein the pseudo-random signaling is transmitted via the third resource if the gradient satisfies the second threshold condition.

10 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quantized gradient is a federated learning (FL) gradient.

11 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to operate as a user equipment.

12 . An apparatus configured for wireless communication, comprising:

at least one transceiver;

at least one memory comprising instructions; and

one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to cause the apparatus to:

transmit, via the at least one transceiver and to a first UE of a group of multiple UEs, a configuration message comprising an indication of a (i) set of resources including a first resource and a second resource, wherein each resource in the set of resources is mapped to a value of a quantized gradient obtained by quantizing, via a loss function, gradient information based on a local dataset relative to a threshold value, and (ii) a transmission power associated with each resource in the set of resources, and wherein satisfaction of a threshold condition is a function of the threshold value;

receive, via the at least one transceiver and from each user equipment (UE) of the group of multiple UEs, pseudo-random signaling via at least one of the first resource or the second resource, wherein the pseudo-random signaling obtained via the first resource is indicative of a first gradient that satisfies the threshold condition, and wherein the pseudo-random signaling obtained via the second resource is indicative of a second gradient that does not satisfy the threshold condition; and

transmit, via the at least one receiver to each UE of the group of multiple UEs, a global gradient based on the received pseudo-random signaling.

13 . The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:

compute an average power of pseudo-random obtained via each of the first resource and the second resource; and

compute the global gradient based on the computed average power.

14 . The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the configuration message further comprises an indication of a quantity of repetitions, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the apparatus to:

receive, via the at least one receiver and from at least one UE of the group of multiple UEs, an indication of the quantized gradient according to the quantity of repetitions specified in the configuration message.

15 . The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the apparatus is configured as a network node.