Processes for producing carboxylic acids or alkyl esters

1 . A gas phase process for producing a carboxylic acid or an alkyl ester comprising:

(a) providing a catalyst support comprising deposits of cobalt thiocyanate on at least a portion of the catalyst support, wherein the catalyst support has a surface area of greater than 5 m 2 /g;

(b) heating the catalyst support to convert the cobalt thiocyanate on the support to cobalt sulfide to form a supported cobalt sulfide catalyst; and

(c) reacting alkene gas, steam or an alkanol gas, and a carbon-containing gas in the presence of the supported cobalt sulfide catalyst in a reactor to form a product stream, wherein the carbon-containing gas comprises carbon monoxide or a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,

wherein when steam is used as a reactant, the product stream comprises a carboxylic acid, and wherein when alkanol gas is used as a reactant, the product stream comprises an alkyl ester.

2 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support comprising deposits of cobalt thiocyanate on at least a portion of the catalyst support is formed by contacting an aqueous solution of cobalt (II) salt in the presence of thiocyanate anion with a catalyst support to deposit the aqueous solution on at least a portion of the catalyst support.

3 . The process of claim 1 further comprising dissolving cobalt thiosulfate in water to provide the aqueous solution of cobalt (II) salt in the presence of thiocyanate anion.

4 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution does not include more than 0.1 molar equivalents of cations other than cobalt (II) relative to cobalt, and wherein the aqueous solution does not include more than 0.1 molar equivalents of anions other than thiocyanate anion relative to thiocyanate.

5 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support is heated at a temperature between 200° C. and 550° C.

6 . The process of claim 1 , further comprising drying the catalyst support comprising deposits of cobalt thiocyanate on at least a portion of the catalyst support under inert conditions at a temperature of 150° C. or less prior to heating the catalyst support in step (b).

7 . The process of claim 1 , further comprising passivating the supported cobalt sulfide catalyst with a diluted oxygen stream comprising up to 2 volume percent O 2 at a temperature of 25° C. or less.

8 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the cobalt sulfide comprises CoS 2 , Co 4 S 3 , Co 3 S 4 , COS, Co 7 S 8 , Co 9 S 8 , Co 1-x S where x is less than or equal to 0.2, or combinations thereof.

9 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the bulk sulfur-to-cobalt atomic ratio is equal or greater than 0.3.

10 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support comprises alumina, carbon, silicon carbide, silica, silica-alumina, halfnia, zirconia, titania, or mixtures thereof, or wherein the cobalt content in the supported cobalt sulfide catalyst is between 5 weight percent and 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of the supported cobalt sulfide catalyst.

11 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the surface area of the catalyst support is greater than 10 m 2 /g and up to 800 m 2 /g.

12 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support is heated to convert the cobalt thiocyanate on the support to cobalt sulfide to form a supported cobalt sulfide catalyst outside the reactor, and wherein the process further comprises adding the supported cobalt sulfide catalyst to the reactor.

13 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst support is heated in the reactor to convert the cobalt thiocyanate on the support to cobalt sulfide to form a supported cobalt sulfide catalyst.

14 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid selectivity or the alkyl ester selectivity is equal to or greater than 80 mol %.

15 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the alkene gas is ethylene, or wherein the process is continuous.