Multi-casing evaluation using multi-frequency, non-collocated, induction measurements
Techniques and apparatus for evaluating sensor placement and frequency selection for an electromagnetic inspection tool, and determining casing count and casing sizes in a multi-casing well are described. The electromagnetic inspection tool includes a transmitter and multiple receivers configured to operate at one or more frequencies. Each receiver is located at a different spacing from the transmitter. At least one of a casing count for a well or a respective size of each casing in the well is determined using multi-frequency, non-collocated induction measurements obtained via the electromagnetic inspection tool. The size of an innermost casing may be determined based on slope(s) of high frequency response(s) at spacings in a direct coupling zone of an electromagnetic field distribution. Each size of an outer casing(s) may be determined based in part on null frequency locations within the frequency domain responses at spacings in the transition zone of the electromagnetic field distribution.
1 . A method comprising:
operating an electromagnetic (EM) inspection tool in a well comprising a plurality of nested casings, the EM inspection tool comprising a transmitter and a plurality of non-collocated receivers configured to operate at one or more frequencies, each of the plurality of non-collocated receivers being located at a different spacing with respect to the transmitter;
obtaining, using the EM inspection tool, a set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements of the plurality of nested casings; and
determining at least one of a number of the plurality of nested casings or a respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings, based on the set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements,
wherein operating the EM inspection tool comprises emitting, from the transmitter of the EM inspection tool, a primary time-varying magnetic field signal towards the plurality of nested casings, the primary time-varying magnetic field signal inducing a corresponding one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals in the plurality of nested casings, and the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals being detected by one or more of the plurality of non-collocated receivers,
wherein the set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements comprise, for each of the plurality of non-collocated receivers, a respective set of frequency domain responses to the primary time-varying magnetic field signal and the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals,
wherein determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings comprises determining the size of a first casing of the plurality of nested casings based on the respective set of frequency domain responses for at least one first non-collocated receiver of the plurality of non-collocated receivers, and
wherein the spacing of the at least one first non-collocated receiver is such that the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one first non-collocated receiver is based on a section of a frequency band where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is greater than the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the number of the plurality of nested casings comprises determining the number of the plurality of nested casings based on the respective set of frequency domain responses for a second non-collocated receiver of the plurality of non-collocated receivers.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the spacing of the second non-collocated receiver with respect to the transmitter is greater than or equal to twice a maximum size of an outer casing of the plurality of nested casings.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the spacing of the second non-collocated receiver is such that the respective set of frequency domain responses for the second non-collocated receiver is based on the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals being greater than the primary time-varying magnetic field signal.
5 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the second non-collocated receiver is a farthest non-collocated receiver from the transmitter among the plurality of non-collocated receivers.
6 . The method of claim 2 , wherein, for a given frequency in the respective set of frequency domain responses for the second non-collocated receiver, the number of the plurality of nested casings is indicated by a magnitude or a phase of a corresponding frequency domain response at the frequency.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings further comprises determining the size of a second casing of the plurality of nested casings based on the respective set of frequency domain responses for at least one second non-collocated receiver of the plurality of non-collocated receivers; and
the first casing is nested within the second casing.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the spacing of the at least one second non-collocated receiver is such that the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one second non-collocated receiver is based on a section of a frequency band where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is equal to the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals creating a null response in the section of the frequency band.
9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the size of the first casing is indicated by a slope of a section of a frequency band within the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one first non-collocated receiver where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is greater than the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the at least one first non-collocated receiver is a shortest non-collocated receiver from the transmitter among the plurality of non-collocated receivers.
11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the size of the second casing is based on a location of a null frequency within the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one second non-collocated receiver, the null frequency being at a lower frequency than the section of the frequency band.
12 . The method of claim 7 , wherein:
determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings further comprises determining, for each outer casing of one or more outer casings to the first and second casings, the respective size of the outer casing based on the respective sets of frequency domain responses for one or more of the plurality of non-collocated receivers; and
the respective size of each outer casing is based on a location of a null frequency within at least one of the respective sets of frequency domain responses.
13 . A system comprising:
a plurality of nested casings disposed in a well;
an electromagnetic (EM) inspection tool disposed in the plurality of nested casings, wherein the EM inspection tool comprises a transmitter and a plurality of non-collocated receivers, each of the plurality of non-collocated receivers being located at a different spacing with respect to the transmitter; and
a control system communicatively coupled to the EM inspection tool, the control system comprising:
one or more memories collectively storing instructions; and
one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors being collectively configured to execute the instructions to cause the control system to perform an operation comprising:
emitting, from the transmitter of the EM inspection tool, a primary time-varying magnetic field signal towards the plurality of nested casings, the primary time-varying magnetic field signal inducing a corresponding one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals in the plurality of nested casings, and the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals being detected by one or more of the plurality of non-collocated receivers;
obtaining, using the EM inspection tool, a set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements of the plurality of nested casings; and
determining at least one of a number of the plurality of nested casings or a respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings, based on the set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements,
wherein the set of induction, multi-spacing, multi-frequency measurements comprise, for each of the plurality of non-collocated receivers, a respective set of frequency domain responses to the primary time-varying magnetic field signal and the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals,
wherein determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings comprises determining the size of a first casing of the plurality of nested casings based on the respective set of frequency domain responses for at least one first non-collocated receiver of the plurality of non-collocated receivers, and
wherein the spacing of the at least one first non-collocated receiver is such that the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one first non-collocated receiver is based on a section of a frequency band where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is greater than the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals.
14 . The system of claim 13 , wherein:
the operation further comprises determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings further comprises determining the size of a second casing of the plurality of nested casings based on the respective set of frequency domain responses for at least one second non-collocated receiver of the plurality of non-collocated receivers; and
the first casing is nested within the second casing.
15 . The system of claim 14 , wherein the spacing of the at least one second non-collocated receiver is such that the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one second non-collocated receiver is based on a section of a frequency band where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is equal to the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals creating a null response in the section of the frequency band.
16 . The system of claim 14 , wherein the size of the first casing is indicated by a slope of a section of a frequency band within the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one first non-collocated receiver where the primary time-varying magnetic field signal is greater than the one or more secondary time-varying magnetic field signals.
17 . The system of claim 16 , wherein the at least one first non-collocated receiver is a shortest non-collocated receiver from the transmitter among the plurality of non-collocated receivers.
18 . The system of claim 16 , wherein the size of the second casing is based on a location of a null frequency within the respective set of frequency domain responses for the at least one second non-collocated receiver, the null frequency being at a lower frequency than the section of the frequency band.
19 . The system of claim 14 , wherein:
the operation further comprises determining the respective size of each casing of the plurality of nested casings further comprises determining, for each outer casing of one or more outer casings to the first and second casings, the respective size of the outer casing based on the respective sets of frequency domain responses for one or more of the plurality of non-collocated receivers; and
the respective size of each outer casing is based on a location of a null frequency within at least one of the respective sets of frequency domain responses.