Cold climate heat pump system with energy storage

1 . A heat pump system, comprising:

a storage source energy transfer circuit comprising one or more thermal energy storage tanks, the storage source energy transfer circuit configured to circulate a process fluid;

a heating distribution circuit configured to circulate a heating fluid to a heating load such that the heating fluid provides heating at the heating load when in an operational mode including heating;

a cooling distribution circuit configured to circulate the process fluid to a cooling load such that said process fluid provides cooling at the cooling load when in an operational mode including cooling;

one or more chiller-heaters each configured to transfer heat from the process fluid to the heating fluid so as to heat the heating fluid and cool the process fluid; and

an air source heat pump circuit including an air source heat pump configured to transfer heat from an ambient environment to the process fluid,

wherein the air source heat pump circuit is configured to circulate the process fluid from the air source heat pump circuit to the cooling distribution circuit and/or to add heat to the process fluid to add heat to the heating fluid of the heating distribution circuit.

2 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , further comprising a second air source heat pump circuit configured to directly exchange heat with the heating distribution circuit.

3 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , further comprising a heat recovery chiller configured to exchange energy between the fluid of the cooling distribution circuit and the heating fluid.

4 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , wherein the heating distribution circuit further comprises a boiler configured to supply heat to the heating fluid.

5 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to control operation of the air source heat pump based on a temperature of the process fluid.

6 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , wherein the air source heat pump circuit further comprises a boiler.

7 . The heat pump system of claim 6 , wherein the boiler is in series with the air source heat pump, and the boiler is configured to be operated during a defrost operation of the air source heat pump.

8 . The heat pump system of claim 1 , wherein the air source heat pump circuit further comprises a second air source heat pump, the second air source heat pump being a cold climate heat pump configured to provide energy to transfer heat from the ambient environment to the process fluid when an ambient temperature is below 0° Fahrenheit.

9 . The heat pump system of claim 8 , further comprising a controller configured to perform charging of the one or more thermal energy storage tanks based on an ambient temperature and a cost and/or carbon intensity of electrical energy, wherein performing charging includes selecting one or more heat sources from the air source heat pump, the second air source heat pump, and one or more boilers.

10 . The heat pump system of claim 9 , wherein performing charging further includes determining a timing for operating at least one of the one or more heat sources.

11 . A method of charging thermal storage in a storage source heat pump system according to claim 1 , further including a first air source heat pump, comprising:

obtaining, at a controller, ambient conditions;

obtaining, at the controller, a cost and/or carbon intensity of energy;

determining, using the controller, a cost of adding or removing heat from the thermal storage of the heat pump system based on the ambient conditions, the cost and/or carbon intensity of energy, and performance characteristics of the heat pump system;

determining, based on the cost and/or carbon intensity of adding heat to the thermal storage, whether to add or remove heat from the thermal storage;

when it is determined to add or remove heat to the thermal storage, operating the heat pump system so as to add or remove the heat from the thermal storage.

12 . The method of claim 11 , further comprising determining operating parameters for operating the heat pump system so as to add or remove heat to the thermal storage, wherein the operating parameters include a time at which to operate the first air source heat pump of the heat pump system, and a capacity at which to operate the first air source heat pump.

13 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the storage source heat pump system further includes a second air source heat pump, the second air source heat pump configured to provide heat at ambient temperatures between 0° F. and −30° F. and wherein determining the cost of adding or removing heat includes determining a first cost of adding heat using the first air source heat pump and a second cost of adding heat using the second air source heat pump.

14 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the storage source heat pump system further includes a boiler, and wherein determining the cost of adding or removing heat includes determining a first cost of adding heat using the first air source heat pump and a second cost of adding heat using the boiler.

15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the boiler is an electric boiler.

16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the boiler is a fossil fuel boiler.

17 . A method of defrosting an air source heat pump of a storage source heat pump system according to claim 1 , comprising operating a boiler so as to temper a process fluid temperature of the storage source heat pump system during a defrost operation of said air source heat pump, wherein the boiler is in parallel with the air source heat pump with respect to flow of a process fluid of the storage source heat pump system.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the boiler is an electric boiler.