Systems and methods for registration between images informative of one or more semiconductor specimens

1 . A system comprising one or more processing circuitries configured to:

obtain:

an inspection image of a semiconductor specimen, wherein the inspection image is informative of a plurality of first structural elements, and

a second inspection image of a semiconductor specimen, wherein the inspection image and the second inspection image are informative of the same semiconductor specimen, or of different semiconductor specimens, wherein the second inspection image is informative of a plurality of second structural elements,

determine edges of at least part of the first structural elements, and use at least part of said edges to apply a distance transform operation to at least part of the inspection image, or to at least part of an image derived from the inspection image, to obtain a transformed inspection image, or data informative thereof,

determine edges of at least part of the second structural elements, and use at least part of said edges to apply a distance transform operation to at least part of the second inspection image, or to at least part of an image derived from the second inspection image, thereby obtaining at least one transform image, or data informative thereof,

perform a matching operation using data informative of the at least one transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining matching data, and

use the matching data to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the second inspection image according to a matching criterion.

2 . The system of claim 1 , wherein, for at least one given first structural element of the plurality of first structural elements present in the inspection image, the system is configured to use the matching data to determine whether one or more dimensions of the given first structural element have been increased or reduced with respect to one or more dimensions of a corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image.

3 . The system of claim 2 , configured to perform at least one of (i) or (ii):

(i) responsive to determination that one or more dimensions of the given first structural element have been increased with respect to one or more dimensions of the corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image, the system is configured to increase one or more dimensions of the corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image, thereby obtaining a corrected second image, and to use the corrected second image to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the corrected second image according to the matching criterion; or

(ii) responsive to determination that one or more dimensions of the given first structural element have been reduced with respect to one or more dimensions of the corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image, the system is configured to reduce one or more dimensions of the corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image, thereby obtaining a corrected second image, and to use the corrected second image to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the corrected second image according to the matching criterion.

4 . The system of claim 1 , wherein, for at least one given first structural element present in the inspection image, the system is configured to use data informative of the transformed inspection image to estimate a difference in size between the given first structural element and a corresponding second structural element in the second inspection image.

5 . A method comprising performing, by one or more processing circuitries:

obtaining an inspection image of a semiconductor specimen, and a design image informative of one or more design structural elements,

applying a distance transform operation to at least part of the inspection image, or to at least part of an image derived from the inspection image, thereby obtaining a transformed inspection image, or data informative thereof,

applying a distance transform operation to a first group of pixels of the design image, or to an image derived from the design image, thereby obtaining at least one first transform image,

applying a distance transform operation to a second group of pixels of an image derived from a complement of the design image, thereby obtaining at least one second transform image,

performing a matching operation using data informative of the at least one first transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining first matching data,

performing a matching operation using data informative of the at least one second transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining second matching data, and

using the first and second matching data to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the design image according to a matching criterion.

6 . A system comprising one or more processing circuitries configured to:

obtain:

an inspection image of a semiconductor specimen, wherein the inspection image is informative of a plurality of first structural elements, and

a design image,

apply a distance transform operation to at least part of the design image, or to at least part of an image derived from the design image, thereby obtaining at least one transform image, or data informative thereof,

determine edges of at least part of the first structural elements,

use at least part of said edges to apply a distance transform operation to at least part of the inspection image, or to at least part of an image derived from the inspection image, thereby obtaining a transformed inspection image, or data informative thereof,

perform a matching operation using data informative of the at least one transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining matching data, and

use the matching data to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the design image according to a matching criterion.

7 . The system of claim 6 , configured to apply a distance transform operation to a subset of pixels of the design image, or of an image derived from the design image, which have a pixel intensity equal to a first value, or within a first range, thereby obtaining the at least one transform image.

8 . The system of claim 6 , configured to apply a distance transform operation to pixels of an image obtained using a complement of the design image or of an image derived from the design image, thereby obtaining the at least one transform image.

9 . The system of claim 6 , configured to:

apply a distance transform operation to a first group of pixels of the design image, or to an image derived from the design image, thereby obtaining at least one first transform image,

apply a distance transform operation to a second group of pixels of an image derived from a complement of the design image, thereby obtaining at least one second transform image,

perform a matching operation using data informative of the at least one first transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining first matching data,

perform a matching operation using data informative of the at least one second transform image and data informative of the transformed inspection image, thereby obtaining second matching data, and

use the first and second matching data to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the design image according to a matching criterion.

10 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the design image is informative of one or more design structural elements, wherein the system is configured to:

apply a distance transform operation to pixels of the design image, or of an image derived from the design image, which are located within an inner portion of each design structural element, thereby obtaining the at least one transform image,

apply a distance transform operation to pixels of the design image, or of an image derived from the design image, which are located outside of the design structural elements, thereby obtaining a second transform image, and

use the at least one transform image and the second transform image to identify an area of the inspection image which matches the design image according to a matching criterion.

11 . The system of claim 6 , wherein at least one of (i) or (ii) is met:

(i) data informative of the at least one transform image includes data informative of a difference between the at least one transform image and an average value of pixels of the at least one transform image; or

(ii) data informative of the transformed inspection image includes data informative of a difference between part of the transformed inspection image and an average value of pixels of said part of the transformed inspection image.

12 . The system of claim 6 , configured to:

apply a distance transform operation to pixels which have a pixel intensity equal to a first value, or within a first range, in the design image, or in an image derived from the design image, to obtain the at least one transform image,

add artificial edges at boundaries of the design image, or to the image derived from the design image, to obtain a first design image,

apply a distance transform operation to pixels which have a pixel intensity equal to the first value, or within the first range, in the first design image, to obtain a third transform image,

perform a comparison between pixels of the at least one transform image and pixels of the third transform image,

generate a first mask based on the comparison, and

use the first mask to generate data informative of the at least one transform image.

13 . The system of claim 10 , configured to:

apply a distance transform operation to given pixels of a second design image obtained based on a complement of the design image, wherein the second design image includes artificial edges, to obtain a fourth transform image,

perform a comparison between pixels of the second transform image and pixels of the fourth transform image,

generate a second mask based on this comparison, and

use the second mask to generate data informative of the at least one transform image.

14 . The system of claim 6 , wherein the design image is informative of design elements and of areas separating the design elements, wherein the system is operative to determine a match between the design image and an area of the inspection image in a configuration in which it is unknown which pixels belong to an inner part of the design elements of the design image and which pixels belong to the areas of the design image.