Transmission line diagnostics

1 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer and terminating a second end of the cable or transmission line using a load;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry; and

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response, wherein the characteristic of the cable or transmission line comprises a return loss of the cable or transmission line, and wherein determining the return loss comprises:

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the second echo response to determine a reflection coefficient of the cable or transmission line.

2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer are at least one of open-circuited or short-circuited.

3 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein terminating the second end of the cable or transmission line using a load comprises either:

terminating the second end of the cable or transmission line using a receiver or transceiver used for communication; and

terminating the second end of the cable or transmission line using an impedance matched to an impedance of the cable or transmission line.

4 . The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:

terminating a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer using an impedance matched to an impedance of the time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a third echo response;

subtracting a fast Fourier transform of the third echo response from a fast Fourier transform of the second echo response to obtain a relative frequency response of the cable or transmission line;

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first echo response to the relative frequency response of the cable or transmission line to determine a reflection coefficient of the cable or transmission line; and

taking a logarithm of the ratio to determine a return loss of the cable or transmission line in decibels.

5 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein obtaining the second echo response comprises obtaining the second echo response whilst the second end of the cable or transmission line is at least one of open-circuited or short-circuited.

6 . The method according to claim 5 , wherein obtaining the second echo response comprises obtaining the second echo response whilst the second end of the cable or transmission line is open-circuited.

7 . The method according to claim 5 , wherein obtaining the second echo response comprises obtaining the second echo response whilst the second end of the cable or transmission line is short-circuited.

8 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer and terminating a second end of the cable or transmission line using a load;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry; and

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response, wherein the characteristic of the cable or transmission line comprises an impedance of the cable or transmission line, and wherein determining the impedance of the cable or transmission line comprises:

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the second echo response to determine a reflection coefficient of the cable or transmission line; and

determining a ratio of the reflection coefficient of the cable or transmission line.

9 . The method according to claim 8 , further comprising:

modifying an output impedance of the time domain reflectometer coupled to the first end of the cable or transmission line to match the determined impedance of the cable or transmission line.

10 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry while the second end of the cable or transmission line is at least one of open-circuited or short-circuited; and

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response.

11 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein the characteristic of the cable or transmission line comprises an insertion loss of the cable or transmission line, and wherein determining the insertion loss comprises:

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the second echo response to determine the insertion loss of the cable or transmission line.

12 . The method according to claim 10 , further comprising:

determining a presence of a first reflection in the second echo response caused by the second end of the cable or transmission line being at least one of open-circuited or short-circuited;

selecting a predetermined set of samples within the second echo response which do not include the first reflection and a corresponding predetermined set of samples within the first echo response for comparison;

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the predetermined set of samples within the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the predetermined set of samples within the second echo response; and

taking a logarithm of the ratio to determine a return loss of the cable in decibels.

13 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer are at least one of open-circuited or short-circuited.

14 . The method according to claim 13 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer is open-circuited.

15 . The method according to claim 13 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer is short-circuited.

16 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein obtaining the second echo response comprises obtaining the second echo response whilst the second end of the cable or transmission line is open-circuited.

17 . The method according to claim 10 , wherein obtaining the second echo response comprises obtaining the second echo response whilst the second end of the cable or transmission line is short-circuited.

18 . The method according to claim 12 , comprising determining a presence of a first reflection in the second echo response caused by the second end of the cable or transmission line being open-circuited.

19 . The method according to claim 12 , comprising determining a presence of a first reflection in the second echo response caused by the second end of the cable or transmission line being short-circuited.

20 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry; and

selecting a predetermined set of samples within the second echo response and a corresponding predetermined set of samples within the first echo response for comparison;

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the predetermined set of samples within the first echo response and the predetermined set of samples within the second echo response.

21 . The method according to claim 20 , further comprising:

determining a presence of a first reflection and a second reflection in the second echo response; and

selecting the predetermined set of samples such that they include the second reflection and do not include the first reflection.

22 . The method according to claim 21 , further comprising:

determining an amplitude of a first sample within the predetermined set of samples within the second echo response;

determining the amplitude of a final sample within the predetermined set of samples within the second echo response;

determining a difference between the amplitude of the first sample and the amplitude of the final sample; and

fitting a polynomial function to at least one of a start and an end of the predetermined set of samples within the second echo response so that the first sample and the final sample have the same amplitude.

23 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry; and

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response;

comparing the determined characteristic of the cable or transmission line to a cable standard or communications standard comprising cable definitions; and

determining whether the cable or transmission line is compliant with the cable standard or communications standard.

24 . The method according to claim 23 , wherein determining the characteristic of the cable or transmission line includes determining an insertion loss of the cable or transmission line as the determined characteristic of the cable or transmission line.

25 . The method according to claim 24 , comprising extrapolating the insertion loss by a factor as the determined characteristic of the cable or transmission line.

26 . The method according to claim 24 , comprising determining a maximum cable length still compliant with the cable standard or communication standard based on the determined characteristic of the cable or transmission line.

27 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry; and

determining a characteristic of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response;

determining a second characteristic of the cable or transmission line; and

determining degradation of the cable characteristics by comparing the second characteristic of the cable or transmission line to the characteristic of the cable or transmission line.

28 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response using time domain reflectometry from a first end of a cable or transmission line using a first time domain reflectometer whilst a second end of the cable is coupled to a second time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response using time domain reflectometry from the second end of the cable or transmission line whilst the first end of the cable or transmission line is coupled to the first time domain reflectometer;

identifying a first complete reflection in the first echo response, the first reflection corresponding to an impedance mismatch between the first time domain reflectometer and the cable or transmission line;

identifying a second complete reflection in the second echo response, the second complete reflection corresponding to an impedance mismatch between the cable or transmission line and the first time domain reflectometer coupled at the first end of the cable;

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first complete reflection within the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the second complete reflection within the second echo response; and

taking a logarithm of the ratio and multiplying by ½ to determine an insertion loss of the cable in decibels.

29 . The method according to claim 28 , further comprising:

identifying a third complete reflection in the first echo response, the third complete reflection corresponding to an impedance mismatch between the cable or transmission line and the second reflectometer coupled at the second end of the cable or transmission line;

determining a ratio of a fast Fourier transform of the first complete reflection within the first echo response to a fast Fourier transform of the third complete reflection within the first echo response; and

taking a logarithm of the ratio and multiplying by ½ to determine the insertion loss of the cable in decibels.

30 . A method for characterising a cable or transmission line, the method comprising:

obtaining a first echo response of a time domain reflectometer using time domain reflectometry;

coupling a first end of the cable or transmission line to a time domain reflectometer;

obtaining a second echo response of the cable or transmission line using time domain reflectometry; and

determining a return loss of the cable or transmission line by comparing the first echo response and the second echo response.

31 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer are open-circuited.

32 . The method according to claim 2 , wherein obtaining the first echo response comprises obtaining the first echo response whilst a first output terminal and second output terminal of the time domain reflectometer are short-circuited.