Hybrid biofilm semiconductor information systems
Described herein are devices that relate to sensor, data, and interactive interfaces between micro or nano electronics and biofilms, which optionally include an added extracellular matrix. Biofilms in the interfaces can include adherent cells or microorganisms, for example, fungi, bacteria, and the biofilms may include viruses. Computational capability, circuitry, and methods are provided for interactive measurements/processing between the electronics and biofilms.
1 . A CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chip comprising:
an array of pixels, each pixel comprising a circuit operative to measure from and/or to apply an electrical charge and/or impedance to at least a portion of a living biofilm disposed on the array;
the living biofilm disposed on the array, wherein the portion of the living biofilm is in discrete electrical communication with each pixel; and
a circuit in electrical communication with the array, said circuit operative to provide at least one signal for each pixel.
2 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein each pixel comprises at least one circuit operative to perform a function selected from stimulate, heat, impedance image, measure pH, ion imaging/measurement, temperature measurement, stimulation, measure an amperometry, measure a voltage, measure a resistance, and measure an impedance tomography, of the portion of the biofilm.
3 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , further comprising a reference electrode and a hydrogel disposed over the living biofilm.
4 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein the living biofilm is configured with at least two biofilms, each of the at least two biofilms in communication with another of the at least two biofilms, wherein the communication comprises a signaling and/or a coupling between biofilms.
5 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein the living biofilm comprises a genetically modified strain of bacteria.
6 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , further comprising a processor, memory, programming instructions, and/or display operative to read, store, and display at least one measurement, charge, and/or impedance from the array.
7 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein the chip is operative to apply an electrical stimulation to a pixel including the living biofilm disposed on the pixel, the electrical stimulation comprising at least a bit of information provided in a current/voltage stimulation, and said living biofilm is operative to store the bit for a period of time.
8 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein a bit of information can be read from the living biofilm by applying at least an impedance measurement, a resistance measurement, an amperometry measurement, a current/voltage stimulation, or a combination thereof to the pixel; and wherein the living biofilm is capable of changing at least one bit by a cell-to-cell and/or a biofilm-to-biofilm interaction.
9 . The CMOS chip of claim 1 , wherein the chip is configured as an imaging chip capable of imaging the living biofilm including computed tomography and/or impedance imaging of the living biofilm, and wherein each pixel represents an imaging pixel.
10 . A method for measuring at least one aspect of a biofilm, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) obtaining a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chip comprising:
an array of pixels, each pixel comprising a circuit operative to measure from and/or to apply an electrical charge and/or impedance to at least a portion of the biofilm;
the biofilm disposed on the array, the portion of the biofilm in electrical communication with each pixel; and
a circuit in electrical communication with the array, said circuit operative to provide at least one signal for each pixel;
(2) applying a current and/or voltage to the biofilm directly disposed on a pixel, whereby the current and/or voltage is in electrical communication with at least the portion of the biofilm and provides a signal indicative of a condition of the at least the portion of the biofilm; and
(3) transmitting the signal via an electrical conductor from the pixel to an additional circuitry operative to move the signal from the chip.
11 . The method of claim 10 , further comprising circuitry in communication with the chip, said circuitry in communication with the chip operative to provide the signal to a processor, memory, field-programmable gate array, DDR3 (RAM/SDRAM), a USB 3.0 output, an analog to digital convertor (ADC), or a combination thereof.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the (2) applying a current and/or voltage to a pixel is operative to store at least a bit of information in the biofilm.
13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein at least a bit of information in the biofilm is capable of being read back by a repeating of step (2) and step (3) in any order.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the method is repeated in steps (2) and (3) to different pixels, whereby a plurality of bits of information is applied to discrete areas of the biofilm.
15 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the method changes patterns of a cellular gene expression, intracellular and/or extracellular electrical responses, and/or communication between/among at least one biofilm.
16 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the biofilm comprises cells/microbes of fungal, bacterial, and/or eukaryotic origin, optionally wherein the cells are derived from Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis , skin (epidermal/dermal) cells, or the archaeal species H. volcanii , transfected cells, recombinant cells, genetically engineered cells, normal eukaryotic cells, immune cells such as macrophages, eosinophils, or a combination thereof.
17 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the biofilm includes viruses, culture medium, pharmaceutical agents, prions, oligonucleotides, antibodies, additives, or a combination thereof.
18 . A method for computing within a biofilm, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) obtaining a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chip comprising:
an array of pixels, each pixel comprising a circuit operative to measure from and/or to apply an electrical charge and/or impedance to at least a portion of the biofilm;
the biofilm disposed on the array, the portion of the biofilm in electrical communication with each pixel; and
a circuit in electrical communication with the array, said circuit operative to provide at least one signal for each pixel;
(2) applying a current and/or voltage to the biofilm directly disposed on a pixel, whereby the current and/or voltage is in electrical communication with the at least the portion of the biofilm and stores a signal indicative of a bit of information in the at least the portion of the biofilm;
(3) repeating step (2) such that a plurality of different bits of information are stored in discrete pixels of the biofilm; and
(4) waiting a period of time for an interaction between pixels of the biofilm; whereby said interaction is a computation within the biofilm.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the plurality of different bits of information is representative of a problem selected from a 2D lattice model, Ising model, an analog model, and an XY model; and wherein the period of time is sufficient for the biofilm to change at least one of the bits of information.
20 . The method of claim 18 , further comprising the step:
(5) repeatedly applying a current and/or voltage to the biofilm directly disposed on a pixel, while changing the position of the pixel, whereby a change in at least one bit caused by the biofilm is detected and such change is representative of a computation performed within the biofilm.