Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells
Methods for inducing a population of T cells to proliferate by activating the population of T cells and stimulating an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells with a ligand which binds the accessory molecule are described. T cell proliferation occurs in the absence of exogenous growth factors or accessory cells. T cell activation is accomplished by stimulating the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex or the CD2 surface protein. To induce proliferation of an activated population T cells, an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells, such as CD28, is stimulated with a ligand which binds the accessory molecule. The T cell population expanded by the method of the invention can be genetically transduced and used for immunotherapy or can be used in methods of diagnosis.
1. A method for inducing ex vivo proliferation of a population of T cells to sufficient numbers for use in therapy, comprising contacting a population of T cells ex vivo with a surface having covalently attached thereto:
(a) an anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof, which provides a primary activation signal to the T cells, thereby activating the T cells; and
(b) an anti-CD28 antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof, which stimulates a CD28 accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells, thereby stimulating the activated T cells,
wherein the anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CD28 antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof, are covalently attached to the same surface,
the anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CD28 antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof, thereby inducing the population of T cells to proliferate to sufficient numbers for use in therapy.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof is an anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-CD28 antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof is an anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CD28antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof, are covalently attached to the same surface using tosyl linkage.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
monitoring the proliferation of the T cells; and
reactivating and re-stimulating the T cells with the anti-CD3 antibody or CD3-binding fragment thereof, and the anti-CD28antibody or CD28-binding fragment thereof, when the rate of T cell proliferation has decreased to induce further proliferation of the T cells.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of monitoring proliferation of the T cells is by examining cell size or determining the level of expression of a cell surface molecule selected from the group consisting of B7-1, B7-2, and any combination thereof, and the step of reactivating and restimulating is initiated when T cell size has decreased or when the level of the cell surface molecule has decreased.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the T cells are induced to proliferate to about 100-fold the original T cell population.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the T cells are induced to proliferate to about 100,000-fold the original T cell population.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the T cells are induced to proliferate for at least 3 days.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the T cells are induced to proliferate for at least 7 days.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a bead.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bead is a magnetic bead.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bead is a polystyrene bead.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a cell surface.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a tissue culture dish.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the population of T cells are induced to proliferate to sufficient numbers for use in treating cancer.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the population of T cells are induced to proliferate to sufficient numbers for use in treating an infectious disease.
18. The anti-CD28 antibody of claim 3 , wherein the antibody is 9.3, produced by the hybridoma assigned ATCC No. HB-10271.
19. The anti-CD28 antibody of claim 3 , wherein the antibody is EX 5.3D10, produced by the hybridoma assigned ATCC No. HB-11373.