Systems and methods for sequencing by hybridization
The systems and methods described herein relate to nucleic acid probes comprising a a pattern of universal and designate nucleotides, or ‘gapped’ probes, and the use of sets of gapped probes in sequencing by hybridization to determine the sequence of nucleic acid sequences. The inclusion of universal nucleotides in the probes allows for efficient and rapid sequencing of longer nucleotide sequences than can be sequenced using traditional probes. The systems and methods described herein also relate to apparatus for sequencing nucleic acids which include gapped probes, as well as computer systems capable of analyzing data generated using gapped probes in such apparatus.
1. A set of oligonucleotide probes, comprising a plurality of instances of a sequence of universal and designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs ordered in a pattern, wherein the probes are displayed on a solid support and wherein
(a) the probe-specific pattern comprises a first string of contiguous universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs followed by a first segment, and a second string of universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs followed by a second segment,
(b) the first string and the second string each comprise a universal nucleotide and/or nucleotide analog, and
(c) the first segment and the second segment each comprise a designate nucleotide.
2. The set of oligonucleotide probes of claim 1 , wherein the designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs comprise a purine or pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
3. A sequencing array, comprising
a substrate, and
a set of oligonucleotide probes disposed thereon, wherein each probe comprises an instance of a pattern of universal and designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs such that the set comprises a plurality of instances of the pattern, and wherein
(a) the probe-specific pattern comprises a first string of contiguous universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs followed by a first segment, and a second string of universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs followed by a second segment,
(b) the first string and the second string each comprise a universal nucleotide and/or nucleotide analog, and
(c) the first segment and the second segment each comprise a designate nucleotide.
4. The array of claim 3 , wherein the universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs are selected from the group consisting of 5- nitroindole and 3-nitropyrrole.
5. The array of claim 3 , wherein each particular instance is associated with a particular location in the array.
6. The array of claim 3 , wherein each probe further comprises a sequence of at least two contiguous designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs bound to an end of the pattern.
7. The array of claim 3 , wherein the designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs comprise a purine or pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group.
8. An oligonucleotide probe, comprising a sequence of contiguous universal and designate nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs ordered in a pattern, wherein the pattern comprises a root and an iterated unit, and wherein the length of the root is identical to the length of the iterated unit.
9. An oligonucleotide probe of claim 8 , wherein each iterated unit comprises a string of universal nucleotides and/or nucleotide analogs followed by one or more designate nucleotide and/or nucleotide analog.