An improved water heater for use in spas, hot tubs, pools, hydrotherapy pools, bath tubs, and similar bodies of water used indoors, outdoors, or both indoors and outdoors are used for both therapeutic and recreational purposes. The water heater uses heating element technology know as thick film on substrate comprising resistive elements bonded to the outer dry surface of a substrate to heat the substrate which in turn heats the water flowing through the heating chamber. The heater is highly efficient due to the direct contact of the wet heating surface with the water and provides a smooth seamless inner heating surface by eliminating the need to pass electrical leads into the wet region of the heater. This virtually eliminates the risk of leaks in the water heater due to bulkhead fittings. The invention further eliminates the need for a heating element to be contained in the inner wet region of a spa heater, thereby reducing the risk of corrosion. The water heater can be used with electrical, electro-mechanical, and mechanical control systems for spas and can be retrofitted into existing spa applications.
1. A water heater system for use in spas, hot tubs, pools, hydrotherapy pools, bath tubs, and similar bodies of water used indoors, outdoors, or both indoors and outdoors, the water heater system comprising:
a water heater for heating a body of water to a desired temperature of approximately 90 degrees F. to 120 degrees F., the water heater comprising a heating chamber for heating water passing therethrough, the heating chamber comprising at least a portion of a recirculating water flow path and having an inlet, and outlet, and at least one heating surface fabricated of a metal material, the heating surface having an inner wet surface and an outer dry surface, wherein a dielectric layer is coupled to the outer dry surface of the at least one heating surface by a binding material formed on the outer dry surface of the heating chamber, at least one resistor is attached to the dielectric layer, a conductive layer is connected to at least a portion of the at least one resistor, and at least one terminal is connected to at least a portion of the conductive layer, and wherein the heating chamber includes a wall surface fabricated of a plastic or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material;
at least one temperature sensor located on or near the water heater for sensing a temperature indicative of a water temperature;
at least one water presence sensor located on or near the heating chamber for sensing the presence or absence of water within the heating chamber;
at least one power controlling device, wherein the at least one power controlling device is connected to the at least one temperature sensor and the at least one water presence sensor; and wherein the power controlling device is configured to connect to a power supply for controllably energizing the water heater to regulate the temperature of the water heater and configured to control power to a pump for recirculating the water through the recirculating water flow path;
wherein the at least one power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the temperature sensed by the at least one temperature sensor exceeds a predetermined temperature and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the temperature has dropped below a predetermined temperature;
wherein the at least one power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the at least one water presence sensor detects the absence of water within the heating chamber and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the at least one water presence sensor senses water present within the heating chamber.
2. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one power controlling device requires a manual reset after power to the water heater has been disconnected.
3. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one power controlling device automatically reconnects power to the water heater after it has been disconnected.
4. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one power controlling device has a high limit switch connected to the at least one temperature sensor and to the power supply for automatically causing the power to be disconnected from the water heater when the water temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature, the high limit switch requiring a manual reset once the water temperature has dropped below a predetermined temperature to allow power to be reconnected to the water heater.
5. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one power controlling device has a high limit switch connected to the at least one temperature sensor and to the power supply for automatically causing the power to be disconnected from the water heater when the water temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature, the high limit switch automatically reconnecting the power supply once the water temperature has dropped below a predetermined temperature.
6. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface comprises two heating surfaces.
7. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface comprises three heating surfaces.
8. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface comprises four heating surfaces.
9. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface comprises a plurality of heating surfaces corresponding to the number of sides ‘n’ of a polygonal cross-section of the heating chamber.
10. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface comprises a plurality of heating surfaces corresponding to the number ‘n’ minus one (‘n−1’), wherein ‘n’ corresponds to the number of sides of a polygonal cross-section of the heating chamber.
11. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one heating surface is stainless steel and the binding material is a chromium oxide coating formed on the outer surface of the heating surface as a result of the stainless steel being heated to a certain temperature.
12. The water heater system according to claim 1 , further comprising an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe at the heating chamber inlet and outlet.
13. The water heater system according to claim 1 , further comprising an insulating overcoat covering the dielectric layer, the at least one resistor and the conductive layer.
14. The water heater system according to claim 13 , wherein the insulating overcoat comprises a glass insulating material.
15. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistor is an electric resistance layer which is a product of depositing an electrically conductive composition onto the binding material.
16. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistor is deposited in a pattern to provide one or more resistors.
17. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistor is deposited by electrostatic spraying with the use of a stencil.
18. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one resistor is screen-printed in a pattern to provide one or more resistors.
19. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer, at least one resistor, and conductive layer comprise at least one screen-printed thick film power resistor bonded to the binding material.
20. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the dimensions and layout of the dielectric layer, at least one resistor, and conductive layer depends on the size and the amount of the heat necessary to heat a spa, hot tub, pool, hydrotherapy pool, bath tub, or similar body of water used indoors, outdoors, or both indoors and outdoors.
21. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one terminal is coupled to the conductive layer by multi-strand percussion welds.
22. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one terminal is coupled to the conductive layer by a stud welded onto the conductive layer.
23. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one temperature sensor is located within the heating chamber.
24. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one temperature sensor is located within the recirculating water flow path on or near the inlet or outlet.
25. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one temperature sensor comprises two temperature sensor devices located at a first and second separated location on or within the heating chamber.
26. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one temperature sensor is a mechanical sensor such as bulb and capillary device.
27. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the water presence sensor is a pressure switch.
28. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the water presence sensor is a flow meter.
29. The water heater system according to claim 1 , wherein the water presence sensor is a vacuum switch.
30. The water heater system according to claim 1 , further comprising a grounding connection coupled to the water heater.
31. The water heater system according to claim 30 , wherein the grounding connection comprises a clamp coupled to the at least one heating surface.
32. A recirculating water heating system for use in spas, hot tubs, pools, hydrotherapy pools, bath tubs, and similar bodies of water used indoors, outdoors, or both indoors and outdoors, the recirculating water heating system comprising:
a vessel for holding a body of water;
a pump for recirculating water from the vessel through a recirculating water flow path;
a water heater for heating a body of water to a desired temperature of approximately 90 degrees F. to 120 degrees F., the water heater comprising a heating chamber for heating water passing therethrough, the heating chamber comprising at least a portion of a recirculating water flow path and having an inlet, and outlet, and at least one heating surface fabricated of a metal material, the heating surface having an inner wet surface and an outer dry surface, wherein a dielectric layer is coupled to the outer dry surface of the at least one heating surface by a binding material formed on the outer dry surface of the heating chamber, at least one resistor is attached to the dielectric layer, a conductive layer is connected to at least a portion of the at least one resistor, and at least one terminal is connected to at least a portion of the conductive layer, and wherein the heating chamber includes a wall surface fabricated of a plastic or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material;
at least one temperature sensor located on or near the water heater for sensing a temperature indicative of a water temperature;
at least one water presence sensor located on or near the heating chamber for sensing the presence or absence of water within the heating chamber;
at least one power controlling device, wherein the at least one power controlling device is connected to the at least one temperature sensor and the at least one water presence sensor; and wherein the power controlling device is configured to connect to a power supply for controllably energizing the water heater to regulate the temperature of the water heater and configured to control power to the recirculating pump for recirculating the water through the recirculating water flow path;
wherein the at least one power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the temperature sensed by the at least one temperature sensor exceeds a predetermined temperature and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the temperature has dropped below a predetermined temperature;
wherein the at least one power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the at least one water presence sensor detects the absence of water within the heating chamber and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the at least one water presence sensor senses water present within the heating chamber.
33. A recirculating water heating system for use in spas, hot tubs, pools, hydrotherapy pools and bath tubs, the recirculating water heating system comprising:
a vessel for holding water;
an electrically-powered water heater for heating a body of water to a desired temperature of approximately 90 degrees F. to 120 degrees F.;
a recirculating pump for recirculating water from the vessel through a recirculating water flow path to the water heater and back to the vessel;
the water heater comprising a heating chamber for heating water passing therethrough, the heating chamber comprising at least a portion of the recirculating water flow path and having an inlet, and outlet, and a heating surface fabricated of a metal material, the heating surface having an inner wet surface and an outer dry surface, wherein a dielectric layer is coupled to the outer dry surface of the heating surface by a binding material formed on the outer dry surface of the heating chamber, at least one resistor is attached to the dielectric layer, a conductive layer is connected to at least a portion of the at least one resistor, and at least one terminal is connected to at least a portion of the conductive whereas the heating chamber includes a wall surface fabricated of a plastic or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) material, layer;
a temperature sensor located on the water heater for sensing a temperature indicative of a water temperature;
a water presence sensor for sensing the presence or absence of water within the heating chamber;
a power controlling device connected to the temperature sensor and the water presence sensor, said power controlling device configured to connect to a power supply for controllably energizing the water heater to regulate the temperature of the water heater and configured to control power to the recirculating pump for recirculating the water through the recirculating water flow path.
34. The water heating system of claim 33 , wherein the power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor exceeds a predetermined temperature and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the temperature has dropped below a predetermined temperature, and
wherein the power controlling device disconnects power to the water heater when the water presence sensor detects the absence of water within the heating chamber and allows power to be reconnected to the water heater once the water presence sensor senses water present within the heating chamber.
35. The water heating system of claim 33 , wherein all electrical elements of the water heater are located on said outer dry surface.
36. The water heating system of claim 35 , wherein no electrical leads are passed within the heating chamber.