An improved suture anchor is formed from body tissue. The body tissue is shaped to a desired configuration for the anchor and defines a passage through the anchor. A suture is inserted into the passage in the body tissue of the anchor. The anchor is then positioned in a patient's body with a suture extending into the passage in the anchor. The anchor may be formed of osseous body tissue, hard compact bone, dense connective body tissue, or other body tissue. The body tissue may be dried so that it absorbs fluid and expands upon being inserted into a patient's body.
1. A method of anchoring a suture, said method comprising:
rotating a cutting tool and moving the rotating cutting tool into body tissue;
rotating a thin elongated member and moving the rotating thin elongated member into the body tissue;
freeze drying a body tissue;
inserting a suture into a passage in the freeze dried body tissue; and
inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a patient's body with the suture extending the passage in the freeze dried body tissue, wherein said steps of rotating a cutting tool and moving the rotating cutting tool into the body tissue and said steps of rotating a thin elongated member and moving the rotating thin elongated member into body tissue are performed together.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of removing cartilage from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the cartilage.
3. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of removing at least a portion of a tendon from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the tendon.
4. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of removing at least a portion of a bone from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone.
5. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said step of inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a patient's body includes moving the freeze dried body tissue into the patient's body with a first end portion of the freeze dried body tissue leading and a second end portion of the freeze dried body tissue trailing and applying force against the second end portion of the freeze dried body tissue.
6. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said step of freeze drying body tissue includes forming a sheet of freeze dried body tissue, said method further includes moving a member into the sheet of freeze dried body tissue.
7. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of cutting body tissue of an animal other than a human, said step of inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a patient's body includes inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a human patient's body.
8. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said step of inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a patient's body includes positioning the freeze dried body tissue in the patient's body at a location where the freeze dried body tissue is exposed to body fluid to enable the freeze dried body tissue to absorb body fluid.
9. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of removing bone from the patient's body, said step freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone removed from the patient's body.
10. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of removing bone from a body other than the patient's body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone removed from a body other than the patient's body.
11. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the steps of placing the body tissue in a press, operating the press to apply pressure against the body tissue in the press to shape the body tissue in the press during operation of the press, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze body tissue removed from the press.
12. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of piercing freeze dried body tissue to at least partially form the passage.
13. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of moving a cutting tool to cut freeze dried body tissue and at least partially form a surface of the freeze dried body tissue.
14. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said step of inserting the freeze dried body tissue into the patient's body includes moving the freeze dried body tissue into the patient's body with the freeze dried body tissue in a first orientation, and applying force against the freeze dried body tissue to pivot the freeze dried body tissue from the first orientation to a second orientation while the freeze dried body tissue is in the patient's body.
15. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein said step of applying force against the freeze dried body tissue includes tensioning the suture.
16. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said step of freeze drying the body tissue includes removing liquid from the body tissue.
17. A method as set forth in claim 1 further including the step of forming a sheet of body tissue and removing a portion from the sheet of body tissue.
18. A method of retaining portions of first and second tissue elements in a patient's body against movement relative to each other, said method comprising the steps of freeze drying a body tissue, engaging at least one of the first and second tissue elements in the patient's body with the freeze dried body tissue, and securing the first and second body tissue elements together by transmitting force between the first and second tissue elements through the freeze dried body tissue, such that the first and second tissue elements are retained against movement relative to each other, wherein the first tissue is bone tissue and the second tissue is soft tissue and wherein the freeze dried body tissue includes a bone tissue having a lume.
19. A method as set forth in claim 18 wherein said step of freeze drying the body tissue includes removing liquid from the body tissue.
20. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of forming a sheet of body tissue and removing a portion from the sheet of body tissue.
21. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of rotating a cutting tool and moving the rotating cutting tool into body tissue.
22. A method as set forth in claim 21 further including the step of rotating a thin elongated member and moving the rotating thin elongated member into the body tissue.
23. A method of retaining portions of first and second tissue elements in a patient's body against movement relative to each other, said method comprising:
rotating a cutting tool and moving the rotating cutting tool into body tissue;
rotating a thin elongated member and moving the rotating thin elongated member into the body tissue;
freeze drying a body tissue;
engaging at least one of the first and second tissue elements in the patient's body with the freeze dried body tissue; and
transmitting force between the first and second tissue elements through the freeze dried body tissue, wherein said steps of rotating a cutting tool and moving the rotating cutting tool into the body tissue and said steps of rotating a thin elongated member and moving the rotating thin elongated member into body tissue are performed together.
24. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of removing cartilage from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the cartilage.
25. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of removing at least a portion of a tendon from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the tendon.
26. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of removing at least a portion of a bone from a body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone.
27. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of moving the freeze dried body tissue into the patient's body with a first end portion of the freeze dried body tissue leading and a second end portion of the freeze dried body tissue trailing and applying force against the second end portion of the freeze dried body tissue.
28. A method as set forth in claim 18 wherein said step of freeze drying body tissue includes forming a sheet of freeze dried body tissue, said method further includes moving a member into the sheet of freeze dried body tissue.
29. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of cutting body tissue of an animal other than a human, said step of engaging at least one of the first and second tissue elements in a patient's body include inserting the freeze dried body tissue into a human patient's body.
30. A method as set forth in claim 18 wherein said step of engaging at least one of the first and second tissue elements in a patient's body includes positioning the freeze dried body tissue in the patient's body at a location where the freeze dried body tissue is exposed to body fluid to enable the freeze dried body tissue to absorb body fluid.
31. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of removing bone from the patient's body, said step freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone removed from the patient's body.
32. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of removing bone from a body other than the patient's body, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying the bone removed from a body other than the patient's body.
33. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the steps of placing the body tissue in a press, and operating the press to apply pressure against the body tissue in the press to shape the body tissue in the press during operation of the press, said step of freeze drying body tissue includes freeze drying body tissue removed from the press.
34. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of piercing freeze dried body tissue to at least partially form a passage in the freeze dried body tissue.
35. A method as set forth in claim 18 further including the step of moving a cutting tool to cut freeze dried body tissue and at least partially form a surface of the freeze dried body tissue.