Modulators of Smurf and BMP/TGFβ signaling pathways
View Patent ↗This invention provides unique members of the Hect family of ubiquitin ligases that specifically target BMP and TGFβ/activin pathway-specific Smads. The novel ligases have been named Smurf1 and Smurf2. They directly interact with Smads1 and 5 and Smad7, respectively, and regulate the ubiquitination, turnover and activity of Smads and other proteins of these pathways. Smurf1 interferes with biological responses to BMP, but not activin signaling. In amphibian embryos Smurf1 inhibits endogenous BMP signals, resulting in altered pattern formation and cell fate specification in the mesoderm and ectoderm. The present invention provides a unique regulatory link between the ubiquitination pathway and the control of cell fate determination by the TGFβ superfamily during embryonic development. Thus, Smurf1 is a negative regulator of Smad1 signal transduction, by targeting Smad1, Smurf1 blocks BMP signaling. In mammalian cells, Smurf2 suppresses TGFβ signalling, and in Xenopus , blocks formation of dorsal mesoderm and causes anterior truncation of the embryos. Smurf2 forms a stable complex with Smad7, which induces degradation and downregulation of TGFβ/activin signalling.
1. A method of screening for a modulator of Smurf activity which comprises detecting modulation of Smurf activity in the presence of a test compound relative to Smurf activity in the absence of the test compound, wherein the Smurf activity detected is the activity of a Smurf comprising a WW domain and a HECT domain, wherein the Smurf comprises the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide, ubiquitination of a TGFβ receptor or interaction of a Smurf WW domain with a PPXY domain of a Smad polypeptide.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide in a host cell.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Smurf activity is interaction of a Smurf WW domain with a PPXY domain of a Smad polypeptide.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the test compound is screened for the ability to inhibit the interaction.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Smurf activity detected is the activity of a Smurf comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:2.
6. A method of screening for a modulator of Smurf activity which comprises detecting modulation of Smurf activity in the presence of a test compound relative to Smurf activity in the absence of the test compound, wherein the Smurf activity detected is activity of a human Smurf comprising the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:4, and wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide in a host cell, interaction of a Smurf WW domain with a PPXY domain of a Smad polypeptide, or ubiquitination of a TGFβ receptor.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide.
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide in a host cell.
9. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the Smurf activity is interaction of a Smurf WW domain with a PPXY domain of a Smad polypeptide.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the test compound is screened for the ability to inhibit the interaction.
11. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a TGFβ receptor.
12. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in vitro.
13. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in a host cell.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a Smad polypeptide.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the Smurf activity is ubiquitination of a TGFβ receptor.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in vitro.
17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in a host cell.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in vivo.
19. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the screening assay is conducted in vivo.