Drainage system for sand bunker
View Patent ↗Rain water is drained from a golf course sand bunker or like structure by a drainage system which comprises a conduit having a solid top and perforations in the sidewall. A conduit which is a chamber having an arch shape cross section is contained within a sand filled trench running along the bottom of a bunker. Water flows downwardly from the bunker into the trench, passing through opposing side trapezoid cross section spaces which are defined between the outwardly angled chamber sidewalls and the essentially vertical trench sidewalls. The water then flows horizontally into the conduit. Geotextile, in combination with downward sloping louvers which define slot perforations in the chamber sidewalls, hinders flow of sand into the interior of the chamber. The arch shape of the preferred conduit frees the trench bottom of vertical soil-compressive load and enables it to be fully exposed for water penetration. An endplate at the end of a string of chambers has an elevated outlet that causes water which flows into the chamber to be retained until it reaches a predetermined level.
1. A drainage system for a sand bunker which comprises a depression in soil filled with bunker sand, comprising: at least one conduit, running along the bottom of the depression, for receiving water flowing into the bunker sand; the conduit having (a) an arch shape cross section, (b) a solid top with respect to passage of water therethrough, and (c) opposing side walls having downward sloped perforations, the sidewalls running downwardly and outwardly from the top to opposing sidewall bases; wherein, said conduit has an open bottom; and, wherein a vertical load applied to the top of the conduit is transferred downwardly only to spaced apart portions of said bases, to thereby leave free of vertical load the predominant portion of the soil which forms the bottom of the depression underlying said at least one conduit.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising geotextile filter fabric running over the perforations of the sidewalls of the conduit, to inhibit the entry of sand into the perforations of the sidewalls.
3. A drainage system for a sand bunker which comprises: a depression in soil filled with bunker sand; a trench, formed within the soil which is at the bottom of the depression, the trench having a bottom and sidewalls running upwardly therefrom to the bottom of the depression; at least one conduit, for receiving water flowing into the bunker sand; wherein said conduit is positioned within and along said trench; the conduit having (a) an arch shape cross section, (b) a solid top with respect to passage of water therethrough, and (c) opposing side walls having downward sloped perforations, the sidewalls running downwardly and outwardly from the top to opposing sidewall bases; wherein, said conduit has an open bottom; wherein the conduit and trench are shaped so that spaces are formed between the sidewalls of the conduit and the sidewalls of the trench; and, wherein said spaces are filled with sand.
4. The drainage system of claim 3 further comprising an endplate at one end of the conduit, the endplate having an invert connected to a discharge pipe, wherein the invert of the endplate is higher in elevation than the elevation of the bases of the conduit, so that any water which accumulates in the conduit rises to the invert elevation level before flowing from the conduit and through the discharge pipe.
5. The drainage system of claim 4 , having a water storage volume of greater than 800 cubic inches per linear foot.
6. A drainage system for a sand bunker constructed in soil which comprises:
at least one arch shape cross section conduit, having a solid top and opposing side walls having downwardly sloped perforations for passage of water, the sidewalls running downwardly and outwardly from the top to opposing side bases;
a trench in the soil having essentially vertical side walls running upward from a trench bottom; wherein, the conduit is contained lengthwise within the trench, with the bases thereof proximate the trench bottom; and,
sand, contained within opposing side downwardly and inwardly tapered trapezoidal cross sectional spaces on either side of the length of the conduit, said spaces lying between the opposing side walls of the conduit and the side walls of the trench and extending upwardly from the trench bottom,
wherein, said conduit has an open bottom; and, wherein a vertical load applied to the top of the conduit is transferred downwardly only to spaced apart portions of said bases, to thereby leave the predominant portion of the soil which forms the bottom of the trench free of vertical load.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the conduit base is spaced apart from the bottom of the trench by a layer of sand.
8. The system of claim 6 , wherein said conduit has a water storage volume of greater than 800 cubic inches per linear foot.
9. The system of claim 6 wherein, for a unit length of system, each said trapezoidal space has upper horizontal plane surface area T and a generally vertically running surface area S adjacent the perforated portion of the sidewall of the conduit, wherein the area S is greater than the area T.
10. The system of claim 6 wherein the conduit sidewall slopes inwardly 6–15 degrees from vertical and the trench sidewall slopes outwardly 0–30 degrees from vertical.
11. The system of claim 6 , further comprising geotextile filter fabric running over the perforations of the sidewalls of the conduit, to inhibit the entry of sand into the perforations of the sidewalls.
12. The drainage system of claim 6 wherein the elevation of the top of the conduit is at or near the elevation of the bottom of the depression.
13. The drainage system of claim 6 further comprising an endplate at one end of the conduit, the endplate having an invert connected to a discharge pipe, wherein the invert of the endplate is higher in elevation than the elevation of the bases of the conduit, so that any water which accumulates in the conduit rises to the invert elevation level before flowing from the conduit and through the discharge pipe.
14. The system of claim 6 wherein the sidewalls of said conduit have perforations sloped downwardly and outwardly, the lengths and slopes of said perforations sufficient to require upward flow of any water which flows into the conduit.
15. A drainage system for a sand bunker constructed on soil which comprises:
a trench in the soil, the trench having a bottom and sidewalls;
at least one arch shape conduit having a hollow interior running along the trench, the conduit having a top and opposing perforated side walls, wherein each sidewall runs downwardly from the top to an opposing sidewall base, and wherein said opposing sidewall bases rest on material at the bottom of the trench;
sand-filled spaces between the sidewalls of the trench and the sidewalls of the conduit; and,
a layer of geotextile fabric running downwardly from at least a lower portion of one sidewall and under the base thereof, across the bottom of the trench, under the opposing sidewall base, and upwardly along at least a lower portion of the opposing sidewall, wherein the portion of geotextile fabric which runs under each opposing side base provides a seal, to inhibit sand from running under said bases and into the conduit hollow interior.
16. The system of claim 15 further comprising a layer of sand between the bases of the conduit and the bottom of the trench.
17. A drainage system for a sand bunker constructed on soil which comprises:
a trench in the soil, the trench having a bottom and sidewalls running upwardly therefrom;
at least one arch shape cross section conduit having a top, opposing perforated side walls running downwardly from the top to opposing sidewall bases;
wherein the conduit is contained within the trench, so that there are spaces between the sidewalls of the trench and the sidewalls of the conduit;
permeable granular media contained within the spaces between the side walls of the conduit and the side walls of the trench;
an endplate, at one end of the conduit, having an invert connected to a discharge pipe, wherein the invert of the endplate is higher in elevation than the elevation of the bases of the conduit, so that any water which accumulates in the conduit rises to the invert elevation level before flowing from the conduit and through the discharge pipe.
18. A method of draining water from a sand bunker, which bunker comprises a depression in soil filled with sand, which method comprises: (a) flowing substantially all said water being drained from the sand bunker downwardly past a first upper portion of an arch shape cross section means for receiving water buried within said sand; and (b) then flowing water laterally through a second lower portion of said means and into the interior of said means; wherein, at least a portion of said water flowing into said interior of said means flows downwardly into said soil.
19. The method of claim 18 which further comprises flowing the water into a trench at the bottom of the depression before step (a).
20. The method of claim 18 wherein, during step (b), said water is in addition flowed upwardly through said second portion of said means for receiving water.
21. A method of draining water from a sand bunker, where water flows through the sand of the bunker into a trench running along the bottom of the bunker, which comprises:
providing a trench filled with sand, the trench containing at least one arch shape cross section conduit having a hollow interior, a solid top and opposing perforated sidewalls which run downwardly from the top to opposing sidewall bases, wherein the sidewall bases rest on sand or soil at the bottom of the trench;
flowing substantially all the water which flows to the trench in a vertically downward direction, through opposing side horizontal planes T running from the lowermost portions of the solid part of said top, to thus flow said water to proximity of the conduit sidewalls;
then flowing said water with a horizontal or sideway flow direction component through opposing side upwardly running planes S adjacent to and running along said conduit sidewalls, and, then, flowing said substantially all water through said sidewalls and into the interior of said conduit, wherein a portion of said water flows into the soil at the bottom of the trench.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising flowing the water though said horizontal planes T with a higher average velocity than the average sideway velocity of water flow through said upwardly running planes S.
23. The method of claim 21 , further comprising: flowing water upwardly during the step of flowing said water through said sidewalls and into the conduit.
24. A method of constructing a sand bunker on soil which comprises:
forming within the soil a trench having a bottom and opposing sidewalls running upwardly therefrom;
laying geotextile within the trench, so that the geotextile runs down from a point adjacent one side of the trench, to and down one trench sidewall, across the bottom of the trench, and up the opposing trench sidewall;
placing an arch shape cross section conduit within the trench so the base thereof rests on the geotextile where it runs across the bottom of the trench; the conduit having vertically running sidewalls spaced apart from the sidewalls of the trench;
moving the fabric from where the fabric lies adjacent the opposing sidewalls of the trench, toward the sidewalls of the conduit, so the fabric runs upwardly along the conduit sidewalls, to and across the top of the conduit, to thereby envelope the conduit; and,
filling the trench with sand having predominately a grain size incapable of passing through the geotextile.
25. The method of claim 24 further comprising: placing a layer of sand in the trench prior to the step of laying the geotextile in the trench.