Sensor surfaces for detecting analytes and methods of use

1. A method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair, said method comprising:

providing a sensor comprising a substrate coated with a free electron metal, a matrix layer disposed on said free electron metal, said matrix layer comprising an organic compound, wherein said organic compound has a boronic acid complexing moiety and, a boronic acid moiety complexed to said boronic acid complexing moiety, wherein said boronic acid moiety is conjugated to a first member of said biological binding pair;

contacting said sensor with a second member of said binding pair, under conditions allowing binding of said second member to said first member of said binding pair, wherein the binding of said second member to said first member elicits a detectable response; and

measuring said response, thereby detecting said interaction of said biological binding pair.

2. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said matrix is a self-assembled monolayer.

3. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said matrix is a mixed self-assembled monolayer.

4. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said free electron metal is a member selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, aluminum, platinum and gold.

5. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 4 , wherein said free electron metal is gold.

6. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said organic compound having said boronic acid complexing moiety is of the formula

X—R—Y  (I)

wherein:

X is an anchor group that forms a complex with said free-electron metal;

R is an optionally substituted alkylene group optionally interrupted by one or more members selected from the group consisting of a heteroatom, an amido group and combinations thereof; and

Y is a boronic acid complexing moiety.

7. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 6 , wherein said organic compound having said boronic acid complexing moiety is of the formula:

X(CH 2 ) n C(O)NHR′—(NSBI) m —Y  (IIa)

X(CH 2 ) n NHC(O)R′—(NSBI) m —Y  (IIb)

wherein n is an integer from about 1 to 5;

R′is an optionally substituted alkylene group optionally interrupted by a heteroatom;

NSBI is a nonspecific binding inhibitor;

m is 0 or 1; and

Y is a boronic acid complexing moiety.

8. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 7 , wherein R′ is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom and which is at least about 8 carbon atoms in length.

9. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 7 , wherein R′ 0 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom and which is between about 8 carbon atoms to about 40 carbon atoms in length.

10. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 7 , wherein m is 1.

11. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 7 , wherein Y has the formula:

wherein:

W is a member selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH 2 , NHCH 3 , NHOH and NHOCH 3;

Q is a member selected from the group consisting of O, S and NH;

X is a member selected from the group consisting of H or OH; and

p is 0 to 3.

12. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 11 , wherein said organic compound having said boronic acid complexing moiety is of the formula

HS(CH 2 ) n C(O)NHR′—(NSBI)—SHA  (IV)

wherein:

n is an integer from 1 to about 5;

R′ is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom;

NSBI is a nonspecific binding inhibitor;

x is 0 or 1; and

SHA is a salicylhydroxamic acid.

13. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 12 , wherein R′is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a hetero atom and which is at least about 8 carbon atoms in length.

14. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 12 , wherein R′is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom and which is between about 8 carbon atoms to about 40 carbon atoms in length.

15. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said matrix comprises an organic compound of the formula:

X—(CH 2 ) n C(O)NHR′—(NSBI) m —Z  (VIa)

X—(CH 2 ) n C(O)NHR′—(NSBI) m —Z  (VIb)

wherein:

n is an integer from 1 to about 5;

R′ is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom;

NSB is a nonspecific binding inhibitor;

m is 0 or 1; and

Z is an unreactive, uncharged chain-terminating group.

16. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 15 , wherein said nonspecific binding inhibitor is a member selected from the group consisting of an oligo(ethylene glycol), a poly(ethylene glycol), a branched OEG, a branched PEG, an oligo(peptide), an oligo(propylene sulfoxide), a sugar, a sugar alcohol, and a dendrimer.

17. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 15 , wherein Z is a member selected from the group consisting of H, CH 3 , OH, OCH 3 , CO 2 CH 3 , C(O)NH 2 , C(O)NHCH 3 , C(O)N(CH 3 ) 2 or SO 2 NH 2 .

18. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 15 , wherein said matrix layer comprises a combination of polymers having the formula:

—SCH 2 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 11 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 11 OC(O)Y(Polymer A) ; and —SCH 2 C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 11 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 OH (Polymer B), wherein Y is a boronic acid complexing moiety.

19. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 18 , wherein the mole percent of Polymer A is less than about 10% of the total mole percent of Polymer A and Polymer B.

20. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 18 , wherein the mole percent of the Polymer A is less than about 5% of the total mole percent of Polymer A and Polymer B.

21. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 15 , wherein R′ is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom and which is at least about 8 carbon atoms in length.

22. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 15 , wherein R′ is an optionally substituted alkylene group, which is optionally interrupted by a heteroatom and which is between about 8 carbon atoms to about 40 carbon atoms in length.

23. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said second member of said binding pair is bound to said first member of said binding pair.

24. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 21 , wherein said first member of said biological binding pair comprises a bioactive species.

25. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 22 , wherein said boronic acid moiety is of the formula:

wherein:

BAS is a bioactive species;

Z 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain up to about 0 to 6 carbon equivalents in length, an unbranched saturated or unsaturated aliphatic chain of from about 6 to 18 carbon equivalents in length with at least one intermediate amide or disulfide moiety, and a polyethylene glycol chain of from about 3 to 12 carbon equivalents in length;

Q 1 is a member selected from the group consisting of an amide, methyl amide, methylene, ether, thioether, methylene ether and methylene thioether moieties; and

t is an integer from 1 to about 3.

26. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 25 , wherein said BAS is a member selected from the group consisting of a protein, a polypeptide, a polypeptide fragment, a nucleic acid, a carbohydrate, a receptor, a hormone, a toxin, a vesicle, a liposome and a cell.

27. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 26 , wherein said BAS is a protein.

28. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 27 , wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of a capture protein, an antigen, an antibody, protein A, protein G, protein AIG, an enzyme, a lectin, and avidin.

29. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 25 , wherein said boronic acid moiety has the formula:

wherein:

BAS is a protein;

Z 1 is C 1 –C 4 alkylene; and

Q 1 is an amide.

30. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 25 , wherein said boronic acid moiety has the formula:

wherein:

BAS is a protein;

Z 1 is C 1 –C 4 alkylene; and

Q 1 is an amide.

31. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 25 , wherein said boronic acid moiety has the formula:

wherein:

BAS is a protein;

Z 1 is C 1 –C 4 alkylene; and

Q 1 is an amide.

32. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said sensor surface is an array of sensor surfaces.

33. The method for detecting the interaction of a biological binding pair of claim 1 , wherein said sensor surface is used in a surface plasmon resonance sensing or in a potentiometric sensing.