Therapeutic treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

1. A method for alleviating a symptom of a neuropsychiatric disorder, the method comprising the step of administering to a patient with a symptom of a neuropsychiatric disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a Clostridial neurotoxin, wherein the Clostridial neurotoxin is administered to an intracranial site which is associated with the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder, thereby alleviating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder, wherein the Clostridial neurotoxin is administered to an intracranial site selected from the group of intracranial sites consisting of a locus cerulcus and a ventral tegmental area.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neurotoxin is made by a bacterium selected from the group consisting of Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium beratti.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neurotoxin is a botulinum toxin.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the botulinum toxin is selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin types A, B, C 1 , D, E, F and G.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the botulinum toxin is botulinum toxin type A.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the botulinum toxin is administered in an amount of between about 10 −4 U/kg and about 1 U/kg.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the symptom alleviating effect persists for between about 1 month and about 5 years.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Clostridial neurotoxin is a recombinantly produced Clostridial neurotoxin.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intracranial administration step comprises implantation of a botulinum toxin containing controlled release system.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administration of the neurotoxin alleviates a symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder that is associated with hyperactive neurotransmitter release from neurons.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the Clostridial neurotoxin restores a balance between at least two neuronal systems that release different neurotransmitters, thereby alleviating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the Clostridial neurotoxin decreases an acetylcholine release from a cholinergic neuron, thereby alleviating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein administering the Clostridial neurotoxin decreases a dopamine release from a dopaminergic neuron, thereby alleviating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering of the Clostridial neurotoxin decreases a norepinephrine release from a noradrenergic neuron, thereby alleviating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder.

15. A method for treating a symptom of a neuropsychiatric disorder, the method comprising the step of administering to a patient with a symptom of a neuropsychiatric disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site which is associated with the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder, thereby treating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site selected from the group of intracranial sites consisting of a locus ceruleus and a ventral tegmental area.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the botulinum toxin is botulinum toxin type A.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the neuropsychiatric disorder is selected from the group consisting of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, mania, and anxiety.

18. A method for treating of a neuropsychiatric disorder, the method comprising the step of administering to a patient with a symptom of a neuropsychiatric disorder a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site which is associated with the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder, thereby treating the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder by reducing neurotransmitter release from neurons contributing to the symptom of the neuropsychiatric disorder within about four months after the administration of the botulinum toxin, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site selected from the group of intracranial sites consisting of a locus cerulcus and a ventral tegmental area.

19. A method for treating schizophrenia, the method comprising a step of administering to a patient with schizophrenia a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site which is associated with a symptom of schizophrenia, thereby treating schizophrenia, wherein the botulinum toxin is administered to an intracranial site selected from the group of intracranial sites consisting of a pedunculopontine nucleus, a locus ceruleus and a ventral tegmental area.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the botulinum toxin is botulinum toxin type A.

21. A method for treating schizophrenia the method comprising a step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a botulinum toxin to a pedunculopontine nucleus of the brain of a patient with schizophrenia, thereby treating schizophrenia.