Method and apparatus for determining stone cells in paper or pulp
View Patent ↗Disclosed is a method and apparatus for determining stone cells within a sample of wood pulp or paper. According to the instant invention a portion of the sample is irradiated with light at a predetermined wavelength or within a predetermined range of wavelengths. The incident light causes those areas of the sample that are occupied by stone cells to fluoresce strongly relative to the background matrix of wood pulp or paper. The strongly fluorescing stone cells are registered digitally using a detector, or are observed visually by an operator viewing the sample through an ocular device. The absolute number of stone cells per unit area or a stone cell size-distribution-plot is obtained using one of automated or manual image analysis.
1. A method for detecting stone cells in a sample of wood pulp or paper comprising the steps of:
a) irradiating a portion of the sample with light in a predetermined wavelength range, the predetermined wavelength range selected to induce some of the portion of the sample to emit light in a second other wavelength range by fluorescence;
b) detecting with a detector an intensity of the light in the second other wavelength range emitted from some of the portion of the sample; and,
c) registering a stone cell within the portion of the sample in dependence upon the detected intensity being within a predetermined range of intensity values.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of irradiating a portion of the sample with light in a predetermined wavelength range includes the steps of:
providing an incident light source for launching incident light along an optical path including the portion of the sample; and
filtering the incident light to selectively pass the light in the predetermined wavelength range to the portion of the sample, and to selectively block light in the second other wavelength range.
3. A method according to claim 1 including the step of filtering the light emitted from some of the portion of the sample, to selectively pass light in the second other wavelength range to the detector prior to detecting the intensity thereof.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of detecting the intensity of the light in the second other wavelength range includes a step of capturing an image of the portion of the sample being irradiated by the light in the predetermined wavelength range.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the image is captured absent magnification.
6. A method according to claim 4 wherein the image is a digital image comprising a plurality of individual pixels.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the wood pulp is provided as a thin smooth layer.
8. A method for determining a quality factor for a sample of wood pulp or paper comprising the steps of:
a) providing a sample of wood pulp or paper;
b) irradiating a portion of the sample with light in a predetermined wavelength range, the predetermined wavelength range selected to induce some of the portion of the sample to emit light in a second other wavelength range by fluorescence;
c) detecting with a detector an intensity of the light emitted in the second other wavelength range from some of the portion of the sample; and
d) determining the quality factor for the portion of the sample in dependence upon the detected intensity and a known threshold value.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the quality factor is indicative of a location of a stone cell within the portion.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the known threshold value is indicative of an emission of light in the second other wavelength range that is strong relative to an emission of light in the second other wavelength range from a non-stone cell portion of the sample.
11. A method according to claim 8 wherein the known threshold value is determined by a step of calibration.
12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the step of calibration comprises the step of adjusting a sensitivity of the detector such that an output value from the detector is indicative of the quality factor.
13. A method according to claim 8 wherein the step of irradiating a portion of the sample with light in a predetermined wavelength range includes the steps of:
providing an incident light source for launching incident light along an optical path including the portion of the sample; and,
filtering the incident light to selectively pass the light in the predetermined wavelength range to the portion of the sample, and to selectively block light in the second other wavelength range.
14. A method according to claim 8 including the step of filtering the light emitted from some of the portion of the sample, to selectively pass the light in the second other wavelength range to the detector prior to detecting the intensity thereof.
15. A method according to claim 8 wherein the step of detecting the intensity of the light emitted in the second other wavelength range includes the step of capturing an image of the portion of the sample being irradiated by the light in the predetermined wavelength range.
16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the image is captured absent magnification.
17. A method according to claim 15 wherein the image is a digital image comprising a plurality of individual pixels.
18. A method according to claim 8 wherein the step of detecting the intensity of the light includes a step of analyzing the emitted light in the second other wavelength range, to determine an area of high intensity of emitted light within the portion of the sample.
19. A method according to claim 8 wherein the wood pulp is provided as a thin smooth layer.
20. A method according to claim 8 including the steps of:
moving the sample relative to a source of the incident light to irradiate a second different portion of a same sample;
repeating steps a) to d) for the second different portion; and
comparing the determined quality factor for the portion and the determined quality factor for the second different portion, to identify a quality factor change that is indicative of a change in the quality of the wood pulp or paper sample.
21. A method according to claim 8 wherein the quality factor is indicative of a property of the wood pulp or paper sample selected from a group including: brightness of the sample; weight percent of residual lignin contained in the sample; and, delignification efficiency.
22. A method for detecting stone cells in a sample of wood pulp or paper comprising the steps of:
a) providing a light source for irradiating a first portion of the sample with light in a predetermined wavelength range, the predetermined wavelength range selected to induce some of the first portion of the sample to emit light in a second other wavelength range by fluorescence;
b) detecting an intensity of the light emitted in the second other wavelength range from some of the first portion;
c) moving the sample relative to the light source to irradiate a second other portion of the sample with light in the predetermined wavelength range;
d) detecting an intensity of the light emitted in the second other wavelength range from some of the second portion; and,
e) when the detected intensity of the light emitted from some of the second portion exceeds the detected intensity of the light emitted from some of the first portion by a predetermined threshold value, registering an occurrence of a stone cell within the second portion.
23. An apparatus comprising:
a holder for holding a sample of wood pulp or paper having therein stone cells;
a light source for irradiating a portion of the sample with light including light within a predetermined wavelength range, for inducing the portion of the sample to emit light in a second other wavelength range by fluorescence;
a detector for detecting an intensity of the light emitted in the second other wavelength range from the portion of the sample and for providing a signal in dependence thereof; and,
an analyzer for analyzing the signal provided by the detector to determine, in use, a quality factor for the portion of the sample in dependence upon the detected intensity.
24. An apparatus according to claim 23 including a first filter disposed between the light source and the holder for selectively transmitting the light within a predetermined wavelength range.
25. An apparatus according to claim 23 including a filter disposed between the holder and the detector, the filter for filtering the light within the predetermined wavelength range.
26. An apparatus according to claim 24 including a second filter disposed between the holder and the detector, the second filter for filtering the light within the predetermined wavelength range.
27. An apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the analyzer comprises a processor for analyzing automatically the signal provided by the detector.
28. An apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the detector comprises a camera for capturing an image of a predetermined area of the sample including the irradiated portion.
29. An apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the holder comprises a table moveable in a raster fashion.
30. An apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the light source is selected from a group comprising: a mercury vapor lamp; a deuterium lamp; a tungsten filament lamp; and, a laser.
31. An apparatus according to claim 26 wherein the holder includes a non-reflecting background for supporting a pulp sample applied thereto.
32. An apparatus according to claim 26 comprising a control circuit in communication with the analyzer for providing a control signal for use in controlling a paper manufacturing process.
33. An apparatus according to claim 26 comprising an output display in communication with the analyzer for providing an indication of a location of a stone cell.
34. An apparatus according to claim 26 comprising a computer readable medium having stored therein program code for in execution performing a step of determining the quality factor for the portion of the sample.