Substrates containing polyphosphazene as matrices and substrates containing polyphosphazene with microstructured surface

1. A method for producing an implantable biological material, the method comprising:

providing a form-building surface of a substrate;

disposing a polymer of general formula (I) to form a biocompatible coating layer, at least partially, above the form-building surface of the substrate;

contacting donor cells of a biological starting material with the biocompatible coating layer to promote the formation of cellular aggregations of the biological starting material above the biocompatible coating layer; and

detaching in vitro the cellular aggregations of the biological starting material from the biocompatible coating layer to produce the implantable biological material,

wherein the general formula (I) is

wherein n is 2 to ∞, and

wherein R 1 to R 6 are the same or different and represent a group selected from the group consisting of an alkoxy, an alkylsulfonyl, a dialkylamino, an aryloxy, a heterocycloalkyl having nitrogen as a heteroatom, and a heteroaryl having nitrogen as a heteroatom.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising disposing an adhesion promoter above the form-building surface and below the biocompatible coating layer.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the adhesion promoter is aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting further comprises contacting the donor cells with the biocompatible coating layer comprising the polymers of general formula (I), wherein the biocompatible coating layer has a microstructured surface.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the biocompatible coating layer is micro-structured to exhibit surface structures of magnitude in the range of 10 nm to 100 μm.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biocompatible coating layer has a thickness from 1 nm to 1000 μm.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkoxy group is substituted by at least one fluorine atom.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is poly[bis(trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene].

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass, silicon, ceramics, polymers, metals, metal alloys, plastics, and combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is chemically modified to introduce functional groups.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological material is selected from the group consisting of eucaryotic cells, monolayer cellular aggregations, multilayer cellular aggregations, endothelial cells from skin, endothelial cells from blood vessels, epithelial cells from stomach, epithelial cells from intestine, bone cells, cartilage cells, myelin sheaths, and components thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological implant is selected from the group consisting of an artificial organ, an artificial blood vessel, an artificial bone, an artificial cartilage, and an artificial myelin sheath.