Electroluminescent devices and method of making transparent cathodes

1. A substantially transparent and conductive cathode, comprising;

a first layer;

a barrier layer on the first layer;

a second layer on the barrier layer; and

a third layer on the second layer,

wherein the third layer is comprised of an alkaline earth metal,

wherein the substantially transparent and conductive cathode is produced by exposing the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer to a medium, wherein any one of: (1) the second layer reacts with the third layer; (2) the second layer reacts with the medium, and the third layer also reacts with the medium; (3) the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer react together; or (4) the first layer, the second layer, the third layer, and the medium react together.

2. The cathode of claim 1 wherein the barrier layer minimizes the reaction between the first layer and at least one of: (1) the second layer and (2) the third layer.

3. The cathode of claim 1 further comprising a capping layer deposited on the cathode.

4. The cathode of claim 1 wherein a low-reflectance absorber is on the cathode.

5. An organic electronic device comprising the cathode of claim 1 .

6. A method to produce a substantially transparent and conductive cathode, comprising:

depositing a first layer;

depositing a second layer on the first layer; and

exposing the first layer and the second layer to a medium, wherein the substantially transparent and conductive cathode is produced by any one of: (1) the second layer reacting with the medium; (2) the first layer reacting with the medium and the second layer also reacting with the medium; (3) the first layer reacting wit the second layer; and (4) the first layer, the second layer, and the medium reacting together,

wherein the first layer is comprised of barium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, or a mixture thereof, and the second layer is comprised of silver or aluminum.

7. The method of claim 6 further comprising prior to depositing the first layer, depositing a barrier layer on the first layer.

8. The method of claim 6 further comprising upon depositing the second layer, depositing a third layer on the second layer.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the third layer is comprised of a reactive metal.

10. The method of claim 6 wherein

the first layer is comprised of a barium layer that has a thickness from about 1 nm to about 4 nm thick;

the second layer is comprised of a silver layer that has a thickness from about 20 nm to about 30 nm; and

the medium is comprised of at least one of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, moisture, residual solvent, and a mixture thereof.

11. The method of claim 6 wherein the medium is at least one of a gas and a liquid.

12. The method of claim 6 wherein the medium is comprised of at least one of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, moisture, residual solvent, and a mixture thereof.

13. The method of claim 6 wherein the transparency of the cathode is greater than sixty percent.

14. The method of claim 6 further comprising depositing a capping layer on the cathode.

15. The method of claim 6 wherein the capping layer is comprised of an electrically conductive material.

16. The method of claim 6 wherein the capping layer is comprised of a conductive and transparent material.

17. A method to produce a substantially transparent and conductive cathode, comprising:

depositing a first layer;

depositing a second layer on the first layer;

depositing a third layer on the second layer; and exposing the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer to a medium, wherein the substantially transparent and conductive cathode is produced by any one of: (1) the second layer reacts with the third layer; (2) the second layer reacts with the medium, and the third layer also reacts with the medium; (3) the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer react together, or (4) the first layer, the second layer, the third layer, and the medium react together,

wherein the first layer is comprised of barium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, or a mixture thereof, and the second layer is comprised of silver or aluminum.

18. The method of claim 17 further comprising

prior to depositing the first layer, depositing a barrier layer on the first layer.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein the third layer is comprised of a reactive metal.

20. The method of claim 17 wherein the medium is at least one of a gas and a liquid.

21. The method of claim 17 wherein the medium is comprised of at least one of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, moisture, residual solvent, and a mixture thereof.

22. The method of claim 17 wherein the transparency of the cathode is greater than sixty percent.

23. The method of claim 17 further comprising depositing a capping layer on the cathode.

24. A substantially transparent and conductive cathode, comprising:

a first layer;

a second layer on the first layer; and

a third layer on the second layer,

wherein the third layer is comprised of an alkaline earth metal,

wherein the substantially transparent and conductive cathode is produced by exposing the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer to a medium, wherein any one of: (1) the second layer reacts with the third layer; (2) the second layer reacts with the medium, and the third layer also reacts with the medium; (3) the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer react together; or (4) the first layer, the second layer, the third layer, and the medium react together,

wherein the first layer is comprised of an electron injecting material that has a thickness from about 1 nm to about 4 nm, the second layer is comprised of a conductive material that has a thickness from about 20 nm to about 30 nm, and the third layer is comprised of a reactive metal that has a thickness from about 20 nm to about 30 nm.

25. The cathode of claim 24 further comprising a barrier layer between the first layer and the second layer.

26. The cathode of claim 24 further comprising a capping layer deposited on the cathode.

27. The cathode of claim 24 wherein a low-reflectance absorber is on the cathode.

28. An organic electronic device comprising the cathode of claim 24 .