Formation of combinatorial arrays of materials using solution-based methodologies

1. A method for creating and screening libraries of materials, the method comprising:

i) preparing a first library comprising a first array of materials on a common first substrate, the first array including compositional gradients having a predefined step size within a ternary space of components, the first array being formed by a method that comprises:

(a) at least partially dissolving two or more components;

(b) mixing the two or more components together in nine or more different ratios thereby forming nine or more different mixtures; and

(c) dispensing the two or more components in nine or more different ratios into regions on the first substrate; and

ii) screening the materials of the first library for heterogeneous catalysis performance, and

iii) preparing a second library based on the result(s) of the screening step (ii) to evaluate whether local performance maxima exist at compositions between those of the first array, the second library being a focus library and comprising a second array of materials on a second common substrate, the second array including compositional gradients having a predefined step size within the ternary space of components where the gradient step size of the second array is smaller than the gradient step size of the first array, the second array being formed by a method that comprises:

(a) at least partially dissolving two or more components;

(b) mixing the two or more components together in nine or more different ratios thereby forming nine or more different mixtures; and

(c) dispensing the two or more components in nine or more different ratios into regions on a second substrate.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heat treating at least one of the first or second common substrates comprising the nine or more different mixtures to form the first array.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing occurs during dispensing.

4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising heat treating the second common substrate comprising the nine or more different mixtures to form the second array.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the components are dispensed in a sol-gel.

6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising screening the first array by performing x-ray diffraction analysis of the materials in the array.

7. The method of claim 2 , further comprising testing the second array for heterogeneous catalysis performance.

8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising preparing a bulk catalyst.

9. A method for creating and screening libraries of materials, the method comprising:.

i) preparing a first library comprising a first array of materials on a common first substrate, the first array including compositional gradients having a predefined step size within a ternary space of components, the first array being formed by a method that comprises:

(a) at least partially dissolving two or more components;

(b) mixing with an automated dispensing robot the two or more components together in nine or more different ratios thereby forming nine or more different mixtures in a first microtiter plate; and

(c) dispensing the two or more components in nine or more different ratios from the microtiter plate into regions on a first wafer substrate;

(d) thermally processing the resulting first array; and

ii) screening the materials of the first library for a useful property, and

iii) preparing a second library based on the result(s) of the screening step (ii) to evaluate whether local performance maxima exist at compositions between those of the first array, the second library being a focus library and comprising a second array of materials on a second common substrate, the second array including compositional gradients having a predefined step size within the ternary space of components where the gradient step size of the second array is smaller than the gradient step size of the first array, the second array being formed by a method that comprises:

(a) at least partially dissolving two or more components;

(b) mixing the two or more components together in nine or more different ratios thereby forming nine or more different mixtures within the range of compositions on the first wafer substrate;

(c) dispensing the two or more components in nine or more different ratios into regions on the second common substrate;

(d) thermally processing the resulting second array;

(e) characterizing catalytic properties of the materials from the second common substrate; and

(f) outputting data from step (e).

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the first and second resulting arrays include transition metal oxides.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of characterizing the materials on the second common substrate includes performing a scanning mass spectrometry analysis.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step of characterizing the materials on the second common substrate includes performing a photothermal deflection analysis.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the step of characterizing the materials on the second common substrate includes performing a scanning mass spectrometry analysis and performing a photothermal deflection analysis.

14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising preparing a third array on a third common substrate wherein certain of the materials of the second array are doped with additional components.

15. The method of claim 9 wherein the nine or more different ratios dispensed on the first wafer substrate vary in decrements of 10%.

16. A method for creating and screening libraries of materials, the method comprising:

i) preparing a first library comprising a first array of materials on a common first substrate, the first array including compositional gradients having a predefined step size within a ternary space of three components, the first array being formed by a method that comprises:

(a) preparing three different metal alkoxide solutions;

(b) dispensing each of the different metal alkoxide solutions into a first common substrate for forming a triangular array having individual metal alkoxide solutions in the wells mapped to each apex of the triangle, binary metal alkoxide solutions along the sides, and ternary mixtures within the interior of the triangle;

(c) recreating the array on a second common substrate by transferring the solutions from the first common substrate to the second common substrate;

(d) thermally processing the array of step (c);

(e) screening the materials of the first library for a catalytic property;

(f) preparing a second library from within the compositional regions of the array of step (c) shown to have the highest % yield, the second library being a focused library and including a smaller step size compositional gradient;

(g) characterizing the catalytic properties of the materials from the second focused library; and

(h) preparing a bulk catalyst material having a composition from the second focused library.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the screening step (e) includes performing a scanning mass spectrometry analysis.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the screening step (e) includes performing a photothermal deflection analysis.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the thermally processing step includes a step of calcining the array.

20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the screening step (e) is the oxidative dehydrogenation of light paraffins for determining the catalytic property.