Flame sense circuit and method with analog output
View Patent ↗An analog flame sense circuit is provided that utilizes the flame rectification method of sensing flame. The circuit uses an AC voltage source and discrete components to provide the sensing of the flame current. Either a single-pole or a two-pole filter may be used to smooth the generated sense voltage. A DC bias is provided to the filter to ensure a positive voltage. The circuit also includes a high-gain, high-impedance amplifier to translate the high impedance voltage of the sensing portion of the circuit to a relatively low impedance voltage for use by an electronic control circuit. In one embodiment, a high-gain emitter-follower amplifier constructed from two bi-polar junction transistors (BJTs) is used. An integrated Darlington configuration may be used, as well as a single BJT having a high gain, and an integrated operational amplifier.
1. A flame sense circuit, comprising:
a source of AC electric power;
a first capacitor coupled in series between the source of AC electric power and a first node;
a first resistor coupled to the first node;
a first flame sense electrode coupled to said first resistor;
a second flame sense electrode positioned in proximity to the first flame sense electrode such that a flame to be sensed would be in contact with both the first and the second flame sense electrodes;
a second resistor coupled to the first node;
a low-pass filter coupled between the second resistor and a second node;
a DC bias coupled to the second node;
an output resistor across which an output voltage representative of a status of the flame to be sensed is developed; and
a high-impedance amplifier circuit having an input coupled to the low-pass filter and an output coupled to the output resistor.
2. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first flame sense electrode and the second flame sense electrode are asymmetrically sized.
3. The flame sense circuit of claim 2 , wherein the first flame sense electrode is smaller than the second flame sense electrode.
4. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first flame sense electrode is an igniter and wherein the second flame sense electrode is a burner body.
5. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the low-pass filter includes a single-pole filter comprising a third resistor coupled between the second resistor and the second node, and a parallel coupled second capacitor.
6. The flame sense circuit of claim 5 , wherein the low pass-filter further includes a second-pole comprising a third resistor coupled to the second resistor and to a third capacitor, the third capacitor further being coupled to the second node.
7. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises a single bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a gain of at least 100, the BJT further having its base coupled to the low-pass filter, its collector coupled to the second node, and its emitter coupled to the output resistor.
8. The flame sense circuit of claim 7 , wherein the single bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has a gain of at least approximately 600.
9. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises an integrated Darlington transistor having its base coupled to the low-pass filter, its collector coupled to the second node, and its emitter coupled to the output resistor.
10. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises a first bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and a second BJT, the collector of both the first and the second BJT being coupled to the second node, the base of the second BJT being coupled to the low-pass filter, the emitter of the second BJT being coupled to the base of the first BJT, and the emitter of the first BJT being coupled to the output resistor.
11. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises and integrated operational amplifier.
12. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the DC bias comprises a source of DC electric power.
13. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , wherein the DC bias comprises a resistor and Zener diode.
14. The flame sense circuit of claim 1 , where the output voltage across the output resistor is inversely proportional to a flame current.
15. A method of sensing flame, comprising the steps of:
exciting asymmetrically sized flame sense electrodes with an AC voltage through a first capacitor and a first resistor;
generating an essentially DC voltage across the first capacitor in the presence of flame between the asymmetrically sized flame sense electrodes;
generating an essentially DC flame sense current across a sense resistor to develop an essentially DC flame sense voltage in the presence of flame between the asymmetrically sized flame sense electrodes;
biasing the essentially DC flame sense voltage above zero volts;
filtering the biased, essentially DC flame sense voltage;
translating the filtered, biased, essentially DC flame sense voltage from a high impedance circuit to a low impedance circuit for coupling to a control electronic circuit.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of translating comprises the step of translating via a high-gain bipolar junction transistor (BJT).
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of translating comprises the step of translating via a pair of bipolar junction transistors (BJTS) coupled in a Darlington configuration.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of translating comprises the step of translating via an integrated Darlington transistor.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of translating comprises the step of translating via an integrated operational amplifier.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of filtering comprises the step of filtering via a single-pole filter.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein the step of filtering comprises the step of filtering via a two-pole filter.
22. A flame sense circuit, comprising:
a first capacitor having a first terminal adapted to be coupled to an external source of AC electric power and a second terminal coupled to a first node;
a first resistor having a first terminal coupled to the first node and a second terminal adapted to be coupled to an external flame sense electrode;
a second resistor coupled to the first node;
a low-pass filter coupled between the second resistor and a second node;
a DC bias coupled to the second node;
an output resistor across which an output voltage representative of a status of the flame to be sensed is developed; and
a high-impedance amplifier circuit having an input coupled to the low-pass filter and an output coupled to the output resistor.
23. The flame sense circuit of claim 22 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises a single bipolar junction transistor (BJT) having a gain of at least 100, the BJT further having its base coupled to the low-pass filter, its collector coupled to the second node, and its emitter coupled to the output resistor.
24. The flame sense circuit of claim 22 , wherein the single bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has a gain of at least approximately 600.
25. The flame sense circuit of claim 22 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises an integrated Darlington transistor having its base coupled to the low-pass filter, its collector coupled to the second node, and its emitter coupled to the output resistor.
26. The flame sense circuit of claim 22 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises a first bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and a second BJT, the collector of both the first and the second BJT being coupled to the second node, the base of the second BJT being coupled to the low-pass filter, the emitter of the second BJT being coupled to the base of the first BJT, and the emitter of the first BJT being coupled to the output resistor.
27. The flame sense circuit of claim 22 , wherein the high-impedance amplifier circuit comprises an integrated operational amplifier.