Oligo phosphate-based electrode active materials and methods of making same
View Patent ↗The invention provides an electrochemical cell which includes a first electrode and a second electrode which is a counter electrode to said first electrode, and an electrolyte material interposed there between. The first electrode includes an active material having an alkali metal-containing oligo phosphate-based electrode active material.
1. A compound represented by the general nominal formula:
A a M b X c O (3c+1) ,
wherein:
(a) A is at least one alkali metal, and 0<a≦6;
(b) M=M 1 d M 2 c M 3 f , wherein:
(i) M 1 is at least one redox active element;
(ii) M 2 is at least one 2+ oxidation state non-redox active element;
(iii) M 3 is at least one 3+ oxidation state non-redox active element; and
(iv) d, e and f>0; (d+e+f)=b; and 1≦b≦4;
(c) X is selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Si, Ge, V, S, and mixtures thereof; and
(d) 2≦c≦5;
wherein A, M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , X, a, c, d, e, and f are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality of the compound.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, and mixtures thereof.
3. The compound of claim 2 , wherein A is Li.
4. The compound of claim 3 , wherein M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Sn, Pb, and mixtures thereof.
5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and mixtures thereof.
6. The compound of claim 5 , wherein M 3 is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, B, Al, Ga, In, and mixtures thereof.
7. The compound of claim 6 , wherein X is P.
8. The compound of claim 6 , wherein X is a mixture of P and Si.
9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Sn, Pb, and mixtures thereof.
10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and mixtures thereof.
11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein M 3 is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, B, Al, Ga, In, and mixtures thereof.
12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is P.
13. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is a mixture of P and Si.
14. A battery, comprising:
a first electrode comprising a compound represented by the general nominal formula:
A a M b X c O (3c+1) ,
wherein:
(a) A is at least one alkali metal, and 0<a≦6;
(b) M=M 1 d M 2 c M 3 f , wherein:
(i) M 1 is at least one redox active element;
(ii) M 2 is at least one 2+ oxidation state non-redox active element;
(iii) M 3 is at least one 3+ oxidation state non-redox active element; and
(iv) d, e and f>0; (d+e+f)=b; and 1≦b≦4;
(c) X is selected from the group consisting of P, As, Sb, Si, Ge, V, S, and mixtures thereof; and
(d) 2≦c≦5; wherein A, M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , X, a, c, d, e, and f are selected so as to maintain electroneutrality of the compound;
the battery further comprising a second counter electrode; and an electrolyte in ion-transfer relationship wit the first and second electrode.
15. The battery of claim 14 , wherein A is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, and mixtures thereof.
16. The battery of claim 15 , wherein A is Li.
17. The battery of claim 16 , wherein M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Sn, Pb, and mixtures thereof.
18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and mixtures thereof.
19. The battery of claim 18 , wherein M 3 is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, B, Al, Ga, In, and mixtures thereof.
20. The battery of claim 19 , wherein X is P.
21. The battery of claim 19 , wherein X is a mixture of P and Si.
22. The battery of claim 14 , wherein M 1 is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Sn, Pb, and mixtures thereof.
23. The battery of claim 14 , wherein M 2 is selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, and mixtures thereof.
24. The battery of claim 14 , wherein M 3 is selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, B, Al, Ga, In, and mixtures thereof.
25. The battery of claim 14 , wherein X is P.
26. The battery of claim 14 , wherein X is a mixture of P and Si.