Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of diabetes

1. A compound of the formula I:

wherein:

X is selected from —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —CH 2 —, —CHF—, and —CF 2 —;

Y is selected from CH—(C 0-4 alkyl-R 2 ) and N—R 3 ;

m is an integer selected from 0, 1 and 2, and n is an integer selected from 0, 1 and 2, with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1 or 2;

R 1 is selected from hydrogen and —CN;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) —NR 4 —CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(2) —NR 4 —CO 2 R 6 ,

(3) —NR 4 —COR 6 ,

(4) —NR 5 R 6 ,

(5) —NH 2 ,

(6) —NR 4 —S(O) 2 —R 6 ,

(7) —S(O) 2 —NR 5 R 6 ,

(8) —CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(9) —O—CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(10) —OH,

(11) —O—R 6 ,

(12) —R 6 , and

(13) hydrogen, with the proviso that R 2 is hydrogen only if X is —CHF— or —CF 2 —;

R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) —CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(2) —CO 2 R 6 ,

(3) —COR 6 ,

(4) —S(O) 2 —R 6 ,

(5) —R 6 , and

(6) hydrogen, with the proviso that R 3 is hydrogen only if X is —CHF— or —CF 2 —;

R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl;

R 6 is independently selected from:

(1) C 1-10 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) hydroxy,

(b) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(c) halogen,

(d) phenyloxy, and

(e) —CN;

(2) phenyl, phenyloxy, C 1-6 alkyl-phenyl, naphthyl, C 1-6 alkyl-naphthyl, biphenyl, C 1-6 alkyl-biphenyl, wherein the phenyl, naphthyl, or biphenyl, is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) halogen,

(b) —OCF 3 ,

(c) —CF 3 ,

(d) —CHF 2 ,

(e) —CH 2 F,

(f) C 1-10 alkyl,

(g) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(h) —O-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(i) halogen,

(ii) —OCF 3 ,

(iii) —CF 3 ,

(iv) C 1-6 alkyl, and

(v) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(i) —CN,

(j) hydroxy,

(k) —NR 8 R 9 , wherein R 8 and R 9 are independently selected from hydrogen and C 1-6 alkyl, or R 8 and R 9 are joined together with the nitrogen to form a 5–6 membered ring,

(l) —NR 4 —CO—NR 8 R 9 ,

(m) —NR 4 —S(O) 2 —C 1-6 alkyl,

(n) —CO—NR 8 R 9 ,

(o) —CO 2 —C 1-6 alkyl,

(p) —O—CO—NR 8 R 9 , and

(q) heterocycle, wherein the heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(i) halogen,

(ii) oxo,

(iii) C 1-10 alkyl-(C 3-6 cycloalkyl),

(iv) C 1-10 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with up to 5 halogen,

(v) —O—C 1-6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with up to 5 halogen,

(vi) C 0-6 alkyl-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(I) halogen,

(II) —OCF 3 ,

(III) —CF 3 ,

(IV) C 1-6 alkyl, and

(V) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(vii) pyridyl, and

(viii) —CO—C 1-6 alkyl; and

(3) heterocycle, and C 1-6 alkyl-heterocycle, wherein the heterocycle is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) halogen,

(b) oxo,

(c) C 1-10 alkyl-(C 3-6 cycloalkyl),

(d) C 1-10 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with up to 5 halogen,

(e) —O—C 1-6 alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with up to 5 halogen,

(f) C 0-6 alkyl-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(i) halogen,

(ii) —OCF 3 ,

(iii) —CF 3 ,

(iv) C 1-6 alkyl, and

(v) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(g) pyridyl, and

(h) —CO—C 1-6 alkyl;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 of the formula Ia:

wherein:

X and R 2 are defined in claim 1 ;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and individual diastereomers thereof.

3. The compound of claim 1 of the formula Ib:

wherein:

X and R 2 are defined in claim 1 ;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and individual diastereomers thereof.

4. The compound of claim 1 of the formula Ic:

wherein X and R 3 are defined in claim 1 ;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.

5. The compound of claim 1 of the formula Id:

wherein X and R 3 are defined herein;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.

6. The compound of claim 1 of the formula Ie:

wherein X and R 3 are defined herein;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.

7. The compound of claim 1 of the formula If:

wherein X and R 3 are defined herein;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and individual diastereomers thereof.

8. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is selected from —S—, —CH 2 —, —CHF— and —CF 2 —.

9. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 1 is hydrogen.

10. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) —NR 4 —CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(2) —NR 4 —CO 2 R 6 ,

(3) —NR 4 —COR 6 , and

(4) —NR 4 —S(O) 2 —R 6 .

11. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) —CO—NR 5 R 6 ,

(2) —CO 2 R 6 ,

(3) —COR 6 , and

(4) —S(O) 2 —R 6 .

12. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.

13. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 6 is independently selected from:

(1) phenyl and C 1-3 alkyl-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) halogen,

(b) —OCF 3 ,

(c) —CF 3 ,

(d) C 1-6 alkyl,

(e) —O—C 1-6 alkyl , and

(f) phenyloxy,

(2) naphthyl, wherein the naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) halogen,

(b) —OCF 3 ,

(c) —CF 3 ,

(d) C 1-6 alkyl, and

(e) —O—C 1-6 alkyl,

(3) biphenyl, wherein the biphenyl is unsubstituted or substituted, where the substituents are independently selected from:

(a) halogen,

(b) —OCF 3 ,

(c) —CF 3 ,

(d) C 1-6 alkyl, and

(e) —O—C 1-6 alkyl.

14. The compound of claim 1 of the formula

15. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises an inert carrier and a compound of claim 1 .

16. A method for treating diabetes comprising the administration to a patient of an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 .

17. A method for treating non-insulin dependent (Type 2) diabetes mellitus in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 .

18. A method for treating hyperglycemia in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 .

19. A method for treating insulin resistance in a mammalian patient in need of such treatment which comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 .

20. A method for the treatment of one or more conditions selected from the group consisting of hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and dyslipidemia, which method comprises administering to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 and an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is a statin.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the statin is selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, itavastatin, ZD-4522 and rivastatin.

23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising

(1) a compound of claim 1 ,

(2) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of:

(a) insulin sensitizers selected from the group consisting of (i) PPARγ agonists, other PPAR ligands, PPARα/γ dual agonists, and PPARα agonists, (ii) biguanides, (iii) protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors, and (iv) other dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) inhibitors;

(b) insulin or insulin mimetics;

(c) sulfonylureas;

(d) α-glucosidase inhibitors;

(e) cholesterol lowering agents selected from the group consisting of (i) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, (ii) sequestrants, (iii) nicotinyl alcohol, nicotinic acid or a salt thereof, (iv) PPARα agonists, (v) PPARα/γ dual agonists, (vi) inhibitors of cholesterol absorption, (vii) acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors, and (viii) anti-oxidants;

(f) PPARδ agonists;

(g) antiobesity compounds;

(h) an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor; and

(i) anti-inflammatory agents; and

(3) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.