Electrode for an energy storage device
An electrode for an energy storage device, including a substrate of at least one metal that forms a native oxide layer; and a treated layer formed on the substrate from the native oxide layer, the treated layer having a resistance that is less than the resistance of a native oxide layer. In some embodiments, the treated layer possesses at least one of the following properties: includes one or more dopants, is thinner than the native oxide layer, has a carbon coating that is applied to the treated layer which improved adhesion characteristics, and others. Further, there is an energy storage device having two or more of such electrodes, wherein the device has a low initial ESR and/or a low ESR at various intervals. Moreover, disclosed is a low resistance metal including a substrate of at least one metal that forms a native oxide layer; and a treated layer formed on the substrate from the native oxide layer, the treated layer having a resistance that is less than the resistance of a native oxide layer. Additionally, methods relating to the above devices are also disclosed.
1. An energy storage device having two or more electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes includes a substrate of at least one metal that forms a native oxide layer, and a treated layer formed on the substrate from the native oxide layer, the treated layer having a resistance that is less than the resistance of a native oxide layer; wherein the device has an initial ESR that is less than approximately 0.3 Ω.cm 2 .
2. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 1 , wherein the treated layer includes one or more dopants.
3. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least any one halide.
4. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least a fluoride.
5. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants includes at least any one element except the metal, or O.
6. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the at least one metal is an alloy primarily comprised of the at least one metal and at least one other substance, and wherein the one or more dopants includes at least any one element—except the at least one metal at least substantially without the at least one other substance, or O.
7. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants includes at least any one species that forms principally ionic bonds.
8. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants includes at least any one metal ion.
9. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least any one “transition metal” from Groups 3–12 of the IUPAC Periodic Table.
10. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least one tetravalent ion wherein the tetravalent ion is at least one of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Se, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, Pr, and Tb.
11. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least one tetravalent ion that forms principally ionic bonds wherein the tetravalent ion that forms principally ionic bonds is at least one of —Sn, Pb, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ce, Pr, and Tb.
12. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least any one element from Group 4 of the Periodic Table.
13. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more dopants include at least one of Ti, Zr, and Hf.
14. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 1 , wherein the treated layer has a lesser thickness than the native oxide layer.
15. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 14 , wherein the lesser thickness is less than 95% of the thickness of the native oxide layer.
16. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 14 , wherein the lesser thickness is less than 85% of the thickness of the native oxide layer.
17. An electrode for an energy storage device according to claim 14 , wherein the lesser thickness is less than 75% of the thickness of the native oxide layer.
18. An energy storage device having two or more electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes includes a substrate of at least one metal that forms a native oxide layer, and a treated layer formed on the substrate from the native oxide layer, the treated layer having a resistance that is less than the resistance of a native oxide layer; wherein the device has an ESR after 1000 hours of operation that is less than approximately 1.0 Ω.cm 2 .