Quinuclidine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions containing the same

1. A compound of formula (I)

wherein

R1 represents a group chosen from phenyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, and thiophen-3-ylmethyl;

R2 represents a group chosen from optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, pyridyl, and pyridylmethyl; wherein the carbocyclic moieties in the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl groups are optionally bridged or fused to another saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic moiety or to a cyclic moiety comprising carbon atoms and 1 or 2 oxygen atoms;

wherein the cyclic groups present in R1 and R2 are optionally substituted by one, two or three, which may be identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; —SH; straight or branched optionally substituted lower alkylthio; nitro; cyano; —NR′R″; —CO 2 R′; —C(O)—NR′R″; —N(R′″)C(O)—R′; and —N(R′″)—C(O)NR′R″; wherein R′, R″ and R′″, which maybe identical or different, are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom, and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group; and

p is 1 or 2 and the carbamate group is attached at positions 2, 3 or 4 of the azabicyclic ring;

wherein when the cyclic group present in R1 is unsubstituted or has only one substituent, R2 has at least one substituent;

wherein when

p is 2;

the carbamate group is attached at position 3 of the azabicyclic ring; and

R1 is a phenyl group, which is optionally substituted with one or two, identical or different, substituents chosen from chlorine, fluorine, bromine, methyl, hydroxy and cyano;

then R2 cannot be one of: unsubstituted cyclopropylmethyl; unsubstituted cyclobutylmethyl; unsubstituted cyclopentylmethyl; cyclohexylmethyl optionally substituted with a methyl or an isopropenyl group; unsubstituted cyclohexenyl; unsubstituted norbornenyl; unsubstituted bicycle[2,2,1]heptanyl; unsubstituted benzo[1,3]dioxolyl; unsubstituted 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxinyl; unsubstituted benzyl; a benzyl group which is substituted with one or two, identical or different, substituents chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, tertbutyl, hydroxy, hydroxymethyl, cyano, aminocarbonyl, trifluoromethoxy, benzyloxy, and isopropyloxy; or a benzyl group which is substituted with three fluorine atoms;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a stereoisomer thereof with the proviso that the compound of formula (I) is not one of

Diphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester,

Ethylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester,

Quinuclidin-3-yl benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl(phenyl)carbamate, or

Quinuclidin-3-yl(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)methyl(m-tolyl)carbamate.

2. A compound of formula (II)

wherein

R1 represents a group chosen from phenyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, and thiophen-3-ylmethyl;

R2 represents a group chosen from optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, pyridyl, and pyridylmethyl; wherein the carbocyclic moieties in the cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl groups are optionally bridged or fused to another saturated, unsaturated or aromatic carbocyclic moiety or to a cyclic moiety comprising carbon atoms and 1 or 2 oxygen atoms;

wherein the cyclic groups present in R1 and R2 are optionally substituted by one, two or three, which may be identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; —SH; straight or branched optionally substituted lower alkylthio; nitro; cyano; NR′R″, —CO 2 R′, —C(O)—NR′R″,

—N(R′″)C(O)—R′, and —N(R′″)—C(O)NR′R″ groups, wherein R′, R″ and R′″, which may be identical or different, are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group;

p is 1 or 2 and the carbamate group is attached at positions 2, 3 or 4 of the azabicyclic ring;

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 8;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 4;

A represents a group chosen from —CH 2 —; —CH═CR′—; —CR′═CH—; —CR′R″—; —C(O)—, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 — and —NR′—, wherein R′and R″, which may be identical or different, are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′and R″together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group;

B represents a hydrogen atom, or a group chosen from straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; cyano; nitro; —CH═CR′R″; —C(O)OR′; —OC(O)R′; —SC(O)R′; —C(O)NR′R″; —NR′C(O)OR″; —NR′C(O)NR″; cycloalkyl; phenyl; naphthanelyl; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthanelyl; benzo[1,3]dioxolyl; heteroaryl; and heterocyclyl; wherein R′and R″, which may be identical or different, are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group; and

wherein the cyclic groups represented by B are optionally substituted by one, two or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; phenyl; —OR′; —SR′; —NR′R″; —NHCOR′; —CONR′R″; —CN; —NO 2 ; and —COOR′; wherein R′ and R″ are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom, or a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group; and

X − represents a pharmaceutically acceptable anion of a mono or polyvalent acid;

wherein when the cyclic group present in R1 is unsubstituted or has only one substituent, R2 has at least one substituent;

wherein when

p is 2;

the carbamate group is attached at position 3 of the azoniabicyclic ring having (3R)-configuration;

R1 is a phenyl group which is optionally substituted with a fluorine atom or a methyl group;

R2 is an unsubstituted cyclohexylmethyl group or a benzyl group which is optionally substituted with one or three fluorine atoms; and

X − is iodine;

then, the sequence B—(CH 2 ) n -A-(CH 2 ) m — cannot be a methyl group;

or a stereoisomer thereof; or a mixture of stereoisomers thereof, or a mixture of at least one stereoisomer of a compound of formula (II) and at least one stereoisomer of a compound of formula (I)

3. The compound of claim 1 wherein when R2 is not substituted, the cyclic group present in R1 has at least two substituents.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 represents a group chosen from 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl; and thiophen-3-ylmethyl;

wherein the cyclic group present in R1 is optionally substituted by one, two, or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; —SH; straight or branched optionally substituted lower alkylthio; nitro; cyano; —NR′R″; —CO 2 R′; —C(O)—NR′R″; —N(R′″)C(O)—R′; and —N(R′″)—C(O)NR′R″;

wherein R′, R″ and R′″ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R2 represents an optionally substituted group chosen from lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, phenyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, pyridyl, pyridylmethyl, and a saturated or unsaturated cycloalkylmethyl which has at least one substituent and is chosen from substituted cyclopropylmethyl, substituted cyclobutylmethyl and substituted cyclopentylmethyl;

wherein the substituents of the cyclic group present in R2 are one, two or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; —SH; straight or branched optionally substituted lower alkylthio; nitro; cyano; —NR′R″; —CO 2 R′; —C(O)—NR′R″; —N(R′″)C(O)—R′; and —N(R′″)—C(O)NR′R″;

wherein R′, R″ and R′″ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group.

6. The compound of claim 2 , wherein the compound is not one of:

(3R)-3-(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide;

(3R)-3-[(4-Fluorobenzyl)phenylcarbamoyloxy]-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide;

(3 R)-3-(Benzyl-o-tolylcarbamoyloxy)-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide

(3R)-1-Methyl-3-[o-tolyl-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide;

(3R)-3-[(4-Fluorobenzyl)-m-tolylcarbamoyloxy]-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide;

(3R)-3-[Benzyl-(2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide; or

(3R)-3-[Cyclohexylmethyl-(2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane iodide.

7. The compound of claim 2 , wherein R1 represents a group chosen from phenyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, and furan-3-ylmethyl, wherein the cyclic group present in R1 is optionally substituted with one, two, or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, hydroxy, and cyano.

8. The compound of claim 7 , wherein R1 represents a group chosen from phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-flurorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, 2,6-difluorophenyl, 2,4,5-trifluorophenyl, 5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl, 4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-methyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl, 4,5-dimethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, 5-methyl-furan-2-ylmethyl, 5-methyl-2-trifluoromethyl-furan-3-ylmethyl, and 2, 5-dimethyl-furan-3-ylmethyl.

9. The compound of claim 2 , wherein R2 represents a group chosen from pent-4-enyl, pentyl, butyl, allyl, benzyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, phenethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclohexylmethyl, wherein the cyclic group present in R2 is optionally substituted with one, two, or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, hydroxy, and cyano.

10. The compound of claim 9 , wherein R2 represents a group chosen from 3-fluorobenzyl, 2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl, 3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl, 5-bromothiophen-2-ylmethyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethyl, 3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, 4-bromo-5-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl, 4,5-dimethylfuran-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl, butyl, pent-4-enyl, and cyclopentyl.

11. The compound of claim 2 , wherein

A is —CH 2 —;

m and n are both 0;

B represents a group chosen from straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; cyano; nitro; —CH═CR′R″; —C(O)OR′; —OC(O)R; —SC(O)R′; —C(O)NR′R″; —NR′C(O)OR″; —NR′C(O)NR″; cycloalkyl; phenyl; naphthanelyl; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthanelyl; benzo[1,3]dioxolyl; heteroaryl; and heterocyclyl; and

R′ and R″ are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group;

and wherein the cyclic groups represented by B are optionally substituted by one, two or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; hydroxyl; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; phenyl; —OR′; —SR′; —NR′R″; —NHCOR′; —CONR′R″; —CN, —NO 2 and —COOR′; wherein R′ and R″ are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom, or a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group.

12. The compound of claim 2 , wherein

A is —CH 2 —;

B represents a hydrogen atom, or a group chosen from straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkoxy; cyano; nitro; —CH═CR′R″; —C(O)OR′; —OC(O)R′; —SC(O)R′; —C(O)NR′R″; —NR′C(O)OR″; —NR′C(O)NR″; cycloalkyl; phenyl; naphthanelyl; 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthanelyl; benzo[1,3]dioxolyl; heteroaryl; and heterocyclyl;

wherein R′ and R″ are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom and a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group;

and wherein the cyclic group represented by B is optionally substituted by one, two or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen; hydroxy; straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl; phenyl; —OR′; —SR′; —NR′R″; —NHCOR′; —CONR′R″; —CN; —NO 2 ; and —COOR′; wherein R′ and R″ are each independently chosen from a hydrogen atom, or a straight or branched, optionally substituted lower alkyl group, or R′ and R″ together with the atom to which they are attached form a cyclic group; and

at least one of m or n is not 0.

13. The compound of claim 2 , wherein B represents a thiophen-2-yl group or a phenyl group which is optionally substituted with one, two, or three, identical or different, substituents chosen from halogen atoms and hydroxy, methyl, —CH 2 OH, —OMe, —NMe 2 , —NHCOMe, —CONH 2 , —CN, —NO 2 , —COOMe, and —CF 3 groups.

14. The compound of claim 13 , wherein B represents a group chosen from phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, and thiophen-2-yl.

15. The compound of claim 2 , wherein n=0 or 1; m is an integer ranging from 1 to 6; and A represents a group chosen from —CH 2 —, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —NMe—, —O—, and —S—.

16. The compound of claim 15 , wherein m is an integer equal to 1, 2 or 3 and A represents a group chosen from —CH 2 —, —CH═CH—, and —O—.

17. The compound of claim 2 , wherein B—(CH 2 ) n —A-(CH 2 ) m — represents a group chosen from 3-phenoxypropyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-phenylallyl, phenethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl, 3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl, allyl, heptyl, 3-cyanopropyl, and methyl.

18. The compound of claim 2 , wherein X − represents anion chosen from chloride, bromide, trifluoroacetate, and methanesulphonate.

19. The compound of claim 1 , wherein p is 2.

20. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the azabicyclic ring is substituted in the 3-position.

21. The compound of claim 20 , wherein the carbon at the 3-position of the azabicyclic ring has R configuration.

22. The compound of claim 20 , wherein the carbon at the 3-position of the azabicyclic ring has S configuration.

23. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is a single isomer.

24. The compound of claim 1 , chosen from:

[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1 -azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(5-Bromothiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(2,4,5-trifiuorophenyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2joct-3-yl ester;

(4-Fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-(3-methythiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester

Thiophen-3-ylmethyl-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(4-Bromo-5-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(4, 5-Dimethylfuran-2-ylmethyl)-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

Furan-3-ylmethyl-(5-methyl-2-trifluoromethylfuran-3-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(2,5-Dimethylfuran-3-ylmethyl)-(2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

[2-(4-Fluorophenyl)ethyl]-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

Butyl-(2, 5-difluorophenyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

(2,6-Difluorophenyl)pent-4-enylcarbamic acid (3R)-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester;

Cyclopentyl-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester; and

(5-Ethylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamic acid (3R)-1 -azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl ester.

25. The compound of claim 2 , chosen from:

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluorobenzyl)-(3-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluorobenzyl)-(3-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-1-(2-Phenoxyethyl)-3-[m-tolyl-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-1-(3-Phenylpropyl)-3-[m-tolyl-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluorophenyl)-(3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1 -azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-1-Allyl-3-[[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[(5-Bromothiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2joctane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(4-Fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1 -azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-1-Phenethyl-3-[thiophen-3-ylmethyl-(2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxyl-1 -azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(4-Bromo-5-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(4,5-Dimethylfuran-2-ylmethyl)-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-1-[3-(4-Fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-[furan-3-ylmethyl-(5-methyl-2-trifluoromethylfuran-3-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(2,5-Dimethylfuran-3-ylmethyl)-(2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzyl)carbamoyloxy]- 1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-1-Allyl-3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1 -azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[Butyl-(2,5-difluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-heptyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-1-(3-cyanopropyl)-3-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)pent-4-enylcarbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[Cyclopentyl-(4,5-dimethylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2}octane trifluoroacetate;

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluorophenyl)-(3,4,5-trifluorobenzyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[(5-Ethylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-(5-methylfuran-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane formate;

(3R)-3-[(4-Fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide;

(3R)-3-[(3-Fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)thiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide; and

(3R)-1 -Allyl-3-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-(3-methylthiophen-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bromide.

26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of claim 1 , and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of claim 2 , and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.