Process for the carbonylation of conjugated dienes using a palladium catalyst system
A process is provided, in particular a continuous process for the carbonylation of butadiene by reacting the butadiene with carbon monoxide and a hydroxyl group-containing compound in the presence of a palladium catalyst system in a reaction zone to form a reaction mixture, said catalyst system comprising (a) a source of palladium cations, (b) a mono-, bi- or multidentate phosphine ligand, containing at least one phosphorus atom which is directly bound to two or three aliphatic carbon atoms, as process ligand to produce a palladium-phosphine ligand complex catalyst, and (c) a source of anions, said process ligand (b) containing the moiety shown in formula (I), wherein A 1 and A 2 each represent an aliphatic carbon atom which can be connected to one or more aliphatic or aromatic carbon atoms or both A 1 and A 2 are part of an at least 5-membered ring including the phosphorus atom, and X represents an aliphatic or aromatic carbon atom which can be connected to one or more aliphatic or aromatic carbon atoms or X is part of an organic bridging group connecting another identically or differently substituted phosphorus atom, and said source of anions (c) containing a carboxylic acid and, optionally, halide ions, wherein said process ligand is fed continuously or periodically to the process as ligand make-up at a temperature 50° C. or lower.
1. A process for the production of alkylpentenoate by carbonylation of 1,3-butadiene comprising reacting 1,3-butadiene with carbon monoxide and a hydroxyl group-containing compound in the presence of a palladium catalyst system in a reaction zone to produce a reaction mixture with a selectivity to alkylpentenoate reaction product of 87% and higher, said catalyst system comprising:
(a) a source of palladium cations,
(b) a phosphine process ligand which is at least one selected from the group consisting of 2,3-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)butane, 1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)ethane, 1,2-bis (9-phosphabicyclononyl) propane, 1,2-bis (carboxymethyl)-1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl) ethane, 1,2-bis(hydroxymethylene)-1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)ethane, 1,2-bis (methoxymethylene)-1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)ethane, 1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl) cyclohexane, 1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)benzene, 1,2- bis (9-phosphabicyclononyl)cyclopentane, 3,4-bis (9-phosphabicyclononyl)hexane, 2-bis (dicyclohexylphosphino)-3-(9-phosphabicyclononyl)butane, 1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-bis (9-phosphabicyclononyl)ethane and 1-cyclohexyl-1,2-bis(9-phosphabicyclononyl)ethane, and
(c) a source of anions containing a carboxylic acid, wherein
the process further comprises,
feeding the process ligand (b) continuously or periodically into the process as ligand make-up at a temperature of 50° C. or lower, and
feeding a second phosphine ligand different from the process ligand (b) continuously or periodically to the process as ligand make-up, wherein said second phosphine ligand contains at least one phosphorous atom which is connected to two aryl groups and is chosen such that a phosphonium salt of the second phosphine ligand is reversible under carbonylation conditions.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein each of the process ligand (b) as ligand make-up and the second phosphine ligand as ligand make-up is added to the reaction mixture containing at least a portion of the catalyst system.
3. A process as claimed in claim 2 , wherein said process is performed as a continuous process.
4. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said process further comprises separating the alkylpentenoate reaction product from said reaction mixture to obtain a catalyst mixture containing at least a portion of said catalyst system and recycling at least a portion of said catalyst mixture to the reaction zone.
5. A process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein said process further comprises separating high boiling compounds and/or dead ligand from said catalyst mixture and recycling the mixture containing catalyst obtained in the high boiler purge/catalyst separation zone and/or obtained in the dead ligand/catalyst separation zone to the reaction zone.
6. A process as claimed in claim 4 , wherein each of the process ligand (b) as ligand make-up and the second phosphine ligand as ligand make-up is added to said catalyst mixture prior to feeding said catalyst mixture to the reaction zone.
7. A process as claimed in claim 5 , wherein each of the process ligand (b) as ligand make-up and the second phosphine ligand as ligand make-up is added to the mixture containing catalyst prior to feeding said mixture to the reaction zone.
8. A process according to claim 5 , wherein said mixture containing catalyst is united with the catalyst mixture prior to feeding said catalyst mixture to the reaction zone resulting in a united catalyst mixture, and wherein each of the process ligand (b) as ligand make-up and the second phosphine ligand as ligand make-up is added to the united catalyst mixture.
9. A process according to claim 1 , further comprising monitoring the concentration and degradation rate of the process ligand during the course of the carbonylation process and thereby determine a consumption amount of the process ligand (b), and adding the second phosphine ligand in an amount sufficient to make-up the consumption amount of the process ligand (b).
10. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said second phosphine ligand has less coordination strength to palladium than the process phosphine ligand.
11. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said second phosphine ligand is a triaryl phosphine or a bis(diarylphosphino) alkane.
12. A process as claimed in claim 11 , wherein said second phosphine ligand is selected from the group consisting of triphenyl phosphine, a substituted triphenylphosphine, a trinaphthylphosphine, a substituted trinaphthylphosphine or a bis (diphenylphosphino) alkane derivative having 2-8 carbons between the phosphorus atoms, straight or branched.
13. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second phosphine ligand is fed to the process together with the process ligand as ligand make-up.
14. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the process ligand is added in an organic solvent for the process ligand, wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of an alkanol, a C6-diester, or a mixture thereof.
15. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the hydroxy-group containing compound is methanol or ethanol.
16. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of pivalic acid, monomethyladipate, 3-pentenoic acid, acetic acid or a mixture of two or more of these compounds.
17. A process as claimed in claim 1 , comprising adding the second phosphine ligand as make-up ligand to the process ligand prior to feeding of the process ligand to the reaction zone.
18. A process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkylpentenoate is methyl pentenoate.