Pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives, compositions comprising the same and methods related thereto

1. A compound of Formula I:

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of an OH, —OR, —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NR′COR, —NHR, —NRR′, —N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, —OCSOR, —OCO(CHR) u COOR, —OCO(CHR) u SR′, —OCO(CHR) u NR′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)R′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)(OH)(R′), cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl); wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof,

wherein the compound is a solid.

2. A compound of Formula I:

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of an OH, —OR, —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NHCOR′, —NHR, —NRR′, —N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, —OCSOR, —OCO(CHR) u COOR, —OCO(CHR) u SR′, OCO(CHR) u NR′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)R′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)(OH)(R′), cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl); wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof;

provided that, when each of R 1 and R 5 is CH 2 attached by a double-bond, R 2 and R 6 are absent, R 3 and R 4 are CH 3 , R 7 is H, T 1 and T 2 are both O, Z is CH 2 , and p is 3, then X and Y are not both methoxy, both ethoxy, or both hydroxyl; and when each of R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , and R 6 are H, then X and Y are not both sulfide or both ether.

3. A compound of Formula I:

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NHCOR′, —NHR, —NRR′, —N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl) wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof.

4. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein X is selected from the group consisting of:

(a)

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle,

(b) a group of the formula:

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle, or

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein, each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is 1 to about 16;

(l)

and (l) a monohydroxylic or a polyhydroxylic group.

5. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is O, p is 3 and Z is —CH 2 —.

6. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are not both H.

7. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein each of R 3 and R 4 is a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl or amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl.

8. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein R 8 is H.

9. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein (a) each of X and Y is OH, (b) X is OH and Y is H, or (c) X is OR and R is an alkyl.

10. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 9 , wherein X is OR and R is a C 1 -C 8 alkyl.

11. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein Y is the same as X.

12. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, for structure (f), the following applies: R is C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group; C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, a C 2 -C 24 alkenyl; a cyclohexylalkyl; a C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl; a naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a phenyl (C 3 -C 26 alkenyl), wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a cinnamyl; a pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a dihydropyridine alkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; a thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; an aryl; an allyl; a furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cysteine; glutathione; or a group of structure

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy or halogen.

13. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 12 , wherein the compound is of structure (f) and R is

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″is hydrogen, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy or halogen.

14. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein the compound is

wherein R is C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group; a C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl; a C 2 -C 24 alkenyl; a C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl; a naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; phenyl (C 2 -C 24 alkenyl), wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridine alkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; an aryl; an allyl; furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; or a group of structure

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy or halogen.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

16. A method of preparing the compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula I

wherein X is OH,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is OH;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof; and

wherein the compound is a solid;

which method comprises:

(a) providing a compound of Formula II:

wherein the definitions of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , T 1 , T 2 , Z, and p are the same as those for Formula I; and

(b) contacting the compound of Formula II with water, whereby the solid compound of Formula I is formed.

17. A method of preparing the compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of Formula I

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of an OH, —OR, —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NR′COR, —NHR, —NRR′, —N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, —OCSOR, —OCO(CHR) u COOR, —OCO(CHR) u SR′, OCO(CHR) u NR′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═)R′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)(OH)(R′), cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl) wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, and aryl;

or a salt thereof; and

wherein the compound is a solid;

which method comprises:

(a) providing a compound of Formula II:

wherein the definitions of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , T 1 , T2, Z, and p are the same as those for Formula I; and

(b) combining the compound of Formula II with a nucleophilic organic reactant, wherein the nucleophilic part of the nucleophilic organic reactant provides X,

whereby the solid compound of Formula I is formed.

18. A method of preparing the compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein the compound is of Formula I

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of an OH, —OR, —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NR′COR, —NHR, —NRR′—N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, —OCSOR, —OCO(CHR) u COOR, —OCO(CHR) u SR′, —OCO(CHR) u NR′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)R′R″, —OCO(CHR) u P(═O)(OH)(R′), cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl) wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof; and

provided that, when each of R 1 and R 5 is CH 2 attached by a double-bond, R 2 and R 6 are absent, R 3 and R 4 are C 3 , R 7 is H, T 1 and T 2 are both O, Z is CH 2 , and p is 3, then X and Y are not both methoxy, both ethoxy, or both hydroxyl; and when each of R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , and R 6 are H, then X and Y are not both sulfide or both ether;

which method comprises:

(a) providing a compound of Formula II:

wherein the definitions of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , T 1 , T 2 , Z, and p are the same as those for Formula I; and

(b) combining the compound of Formula II with a nucleophilic organic reactant other than methanol or ethanol, wherein the nucleophilic part of the nucleophilic organic reactant provides X,

whereby the solid compound of Formula I is formed.

19. A method of preparing the compound or a salt thereof of claim 3 , wherein the compound is of Formula I

wherein X is a substituent selected from the group consisting of —OSiH 3 , —OSiRR′R″, —OCOR, —OCOOR, —OCONHR, —OCSNHR, —SH, —SR, —SOR, —SOOR, —OSO 2 R, —OSO 2 H, —NHSOOR, —NH 2 , —NHCOR, —NR′COR, —NHR, —NRR′, —N 3 , —CN, halogen, —P + Ph 3 X − , —SiH 3 , —SiRR′R″, cysteine, glutathione,

wherein each of R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an amine or a carboxylate; an aryl; an aryl alkyl; and a heterocycle;

wherein R 12 is C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; or a heterocycle,

wherein each of R 13 , R 14 , and R 15 is independently selected from the group consisting of H; C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted with an aryl, a heterocycle, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, or carboxylate; an aryl; and a heterocycle, and wherein u is an integer from 1 to about 16,

wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 to which the carbon is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 7 is absent and Y is H, and, when the bond is a single bond, R 7 is H and Y is a substituent selected from the group defined for X, wherein Y is optionally the same as X;

wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is independently O, S, or NR 8 ;

wherein R, R′, and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group, C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl, and a group of the structure:

wherein Y and Y′ are independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, halogen, or Y and Y′ taken together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen; naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted by methyl or halogen; phenyl(C 2 -C 24 alkenyl) wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridinealkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; C 6 -C 14 aryl; allyl; and furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen;

wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne;

wherein p is an integer that is greater than or equal to 2;

wherein each of R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 is independently a hydrogen; a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, or C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl;

wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 2 is absent and R 1 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle and when the bond is a single bond, R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, and aryl, and a heterocycle; and

wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 is attached is a single bond or a double bond, wherein, when the bond is a double bond, R 6 is absent and R 5 is a divalent radical derived from an alkane, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a heterocycle, and when the bond is a single bond, R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, aryl, and a heterocycle;

or a salt thereof; and

which method comprises:

(a) providing a compound of Formula II:

wherein the definitions of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , T 1 , T 2 , Z, and p are the same as those for Formula I; and

(b) combining the compound of Formula II with a nucleophilic organic reactant,

wherein the nucleophilic part of the nucleophilic organic reactant provides X, and

whereby the solid compound of Formula I is formed.

20. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 , wherein X is selected from the group consisting of OR, SR, and an amine; wherein R is independently a hydrogen, a C 1 -C 24 alkyl, or a group of structure

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy or halogen; wherein the bond between the carbon to which Y is attached and the N of NR 7 which the carbon is attached is a single bond; wherein Y is the same as X; wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is O; wherein Z is a divalent radical of an alkane; wherein p is 3; wherein each of R 3 and R 4 is independently a hydrogen or a C 1 -C 24 alkyl; wherein the bond between R 1 and the carbon to which R 1 is attached is a single bond; and wherein the bond between R 5 and the carbon to which R 5 attached is a single bond.

21. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is O, p is 3 and Z is —CH 2 —.

22. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein each of R 3 and R 4 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl, a heterocycle, and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, and a trifluoromethyl.

23. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein (a) each of X and Y is OH, (b) X is OH and Y is H, or (c) X is OR and R is a C 1 -C 24 alkyl.

24. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 22 , wherein X is OR and R is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or t-butyl.

25. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein, for structure (c), the following applies: R is a C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group; C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, a C 2 C 24 alkenyl; a C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl; a naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a phenyl (C 3 -C 26 alkenyl), wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a cinnamyl; a pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; a dihydropyridine alkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; a thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; an aryl; an allyl; a furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; or a group of structure

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy or halogen.

26. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 , wherein the compound is

wherein R is a C 1 -C 24 alkyl optionally substituted with an amino, hydroxyl, or thiol group; a C 3 -C 24 cycloalkyl, a C 2 -C 24 alkenyl; a C 3 -C 26 alkoxyacetyl; a naphthalenalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; phenyl (C 2 -C 24 alkenyl), wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; cinnamyl; pyridinealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; dihydropyridine alkyl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkyl; thiophenealkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; an aryl; an allyl; furanalkyl optionally substituted with methyl or halogen; or a group of structure

wherein each of Y and Y′ is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, arylalkyl, C 2 -C 24 alkenyl, C 2 -C 24 alkynyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy, or halogen, or Y and Y′ together form 3,4-methylenedioxy, and Y″ is hydrogen, C 1 -C 24 alkyl, C 1 -C 24 alkoxy or halogen.

27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

28. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 3 , wherein each of T 1 and T 2 is O, p is 3 and Z is —CH 2 —.

29. The compound or a salt thereof of claim 3 , wherein each of R 3 and R 4 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of an aryl and an amine; or an aryl optionally substituted with an alkyl, an aryl, an alkoxy, a halo, an amine, a hydroxy, or a trifluoromethyl.

30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a salt thereof of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

31. A method of treating cancer in a host comprising administering to a host a compound or a salt thereof of claim 1 in an amount effective to treat cancer in the host, wherein the cancer is leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, cancer of the central nervous system, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, or breast cancer.

32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the host is a human.

33. The method of claim 31 , wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered as an injectable formulation.

34. A method of treating cancer in a host comprising administering to a host a compound or a salt thereof of claim 2 in an amount effective to treat cancer in the host, wherein the cancer is leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, cancer of the central nervous system, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, or breast cancer.

35. The method of claim 34 , wherein the host is a human.

36. The method of claim 34 , wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered as an injectable formulation.

37. A method of treating cancer in a host comprising administering to a host a compound or a salt thereof of claim 3 in an amount effective to treat cancer in the host, wherein the cancer is leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, cancer of the central nervous system, melanoma, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, or breast cancer.

38. The method of claim 37 , wherein the host is a human.

39. The method of claim 37 , wherein the compound or salt thereof is administered as an injectable formulation.