Electronic devices made with electron transport and/or anti-quenching layers

1. A photoactive electronic device comprising:

(a) an anode;

(b) a cathode, said cathode having a work function energy level E 3 ;

(c) a photoactive layer positioned between said anode and said cathode, said photoactive layer comprising a cyclometalated complex of a transition metal, said cyclometalated complex having a LUMO energy level E 2 and a HOMO energy level E 4 ; and

(d) an electron transport and/or anti-quenching layer positioned between said cathode and said photoactive layer, said electron transport and/or anti-quenching layer having a LUMO energy level E 1 and a HOMO energy level E 5 , said layer comprising a quinoxaline derivative having Formula V, V(aa), V(ab), or V(ac),

wherein:

R 4 and R 5 are the same or different at each occurrence and are selected from F, Cl, Br, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkylene, alkenylaryl, alkynylaryl, heteroarylalkylene, alkenylheteroaryl, alkynylheteroaryl, C n H a F b , OC n H a F b , C 6 H c F d , and OC 6 H c F d , or both of R 5 together may constitute an arylene or heteroarylene group;

a, b, c, and d are each an integer such that a+b=2n+1, and c+d=5;

n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and

w is an integer from 0 through 4; and

with the proviso that:

(1) E 1 −E 3 <1eV,

(2) E 1 −E 2 >0, and

(3) E 4 −E 5 >−1eV.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein E 4 −E 5 >0.

3. The device of claim 1 wherein said electron transport and/or anti-quenching layer has an electron mobility of at least 10 −7 cm 2 /(eV·sec).

4. The device of claim 1 wherein n is an integer from 1 through 12.

5. The device of claim 1 wherein the quinoxaline derivative is selected from Formulae V(a), V(b), V(d) through V(i) and V(k) through V(ag).

6. The device of any one of claims 1 , 2 , 4 and 4 - 5 , wherein the device is a light-emitting diode, a light-emitting electrochemical cell, or a photodetector.